Abstracts
Résumé
L’objectif de l’étude est d’évaluer l’association entre certaines caractéristiques individuelles des thérapeutes et leur habileté à détecter les ruptures d’alliance de retrait et de confrontation, en tenant compte de leur niveau d’expérience clinique. Les dispositions personnelles : attachement, conscience de soi, intelligence émotionnelle et empathie ont été regroupées en deux facteurs, réactivité et conscience émotionnelles. Dans l’ensemble, les résultats suggèrent que ces deux facteurs sont positivement associés à la performance de détection chez les expérimentés, mais pas chez les non expérimentés. Ils soutiennent l’importance de la mise sur pied de formations personnalisées pour améliorer l’habileté de détection des thérapeutes.
Mots-clés :
- rupture d’alliance,
- détection,
- caractéristique du thérapeute,
- alliance thérapeutique
Abstract
The aim of the study is to assess the association between therapists’ individual characteristics and their ability to detect therapeutic alliance withdrawal and confrontation ruptures, taking into account the level of clinical experience. Personal dispositions such as attachment, self-awareness, emotional intelligence and empathy were synthesized into two higher order factors, emotional reactivity and emotional awareness. Overall, the results suggest that these two factors are positively associated with detection performance in the experienced group, but not in the inexperienced group. They promote the establishment of personalized training to improve the detection capacity of therapists.
Keywords:
- alliance rupture,
- detection,
- therapist characteristics,
- therapy relationship
Appendices
Bibliographie
- Ackerman, S. J. et Hilsenroth, M. J. (2001). A review of therapist characteristics and techniques negatively impacting the therapeutic alliance. Psychotherapy: Theory, Research, Practice, Training, 38, 171-185. https://doi.org/10.1037/0033-3204.38.2.171
- Aspland, H., Llewelyn, S., Hardy, G. E., Barkham, M. et Stiles, W. (2008). Alliance ruptures and rupture resolution in cognitive-behavior therapy: A preliminary task analysis. Psychotherapy Research, 18, 699-710. https://doi.org/10.1080/10503300802291463
- Barrett-Lennard, G. T. (1962). Dimensions of therapist response as causal factors in therapeutic change. Psychological Monographs: General and Applied, 76, 1-36. https://doi.org/10.1037/h0093918
- Barrett-Lennard, G. T. (1981). The empathy cycle: Refinement of a nuclear concept. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 28, 91-100. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-0167.28.2.91
- Barrett-Lennard, G. T. (1998). Carl Rogers’ helping system: Journey and substance. Sage.
- Barrett-Lennard, G. T. (2003). Steps on a mindful journey: Person-centred expressions. PCCS Books.
- Bartholomew, K. et Horowitz, L. M. (1991). Attachment styles among young adults: A test of a four-category model. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 61, 226-244. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.61.2.226
- Bonuso, C. F. (2014). Empathy in the clinical encounter: A study of situational and dispositional empathy levels as associated with clinical training and practice (Thèse de doctorat inédite). Université de Pace, New York, États-Unis. http://search.proquest.com.ezproxy.usherbrooke.ca/docview/1372823250/fulltextPDF/AA55DBE0442E4ABFPQ/1?accountid=13835
- Bordin, E. S. (1979). The generalizability of the psychoanalytic concept of the working alliance. Psychotherapy: Theory, Research and Practice, 16, 252-260. https://doi.org/10.1037/h0085885
- Bowlby, J. (1982). Attachment and loss: Attachment (2e éd., vol. 1). Basic Books.
- Brackett, M. A., Rivers, S. E., Shiffman, S., Lerner, N. et Salovey, P. (2006). Relating emotional abilities to social functioning: A comparison of self-report and performance measures of emotional intelligence. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 91, 780-795. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.91.4.780
- Brasseur, S., Grégoire, J., Bourdu, R. et Mikolajczak, M. (2013). The Profile of Emotional Competence (PEC): Development and validation of a self-reported measure that fits dimensions of emotional competence theory. PLOS ONE, 8, Article e62635. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0062635
- Brennan, K. A., Clark, C. L. et Shaver, P. R. (1998). Self-report measurement of adult attachment: An integrative overview. Dans J. A. Simpson et W.S. Rholes (dir.), Attachment theory and close relationships (p. 46-76). Guilford.
- Chen, R., Atzil-Slonim, D., Bar-Kalifa, E., Hasson-Ohayon, I. et Refaeli, E. (2016). Therapists’ recognition of alliance ruptures as a moderator of change in alliance and symptoms. Psychotherapy Research, 28, 560-570. https://doi.org/10.1080/10503307.2016.1227104
- Costa, P. T., Jr. et McCrae, R. R. (1992). Revised NEO Personality Inventory (NEO-PI-R) and NEO Five-Factor Inventory (NEO-FFI) professional manual. Psychological Assessment Resources.
- Davis, M. H. (1980). A multidimensional approach to individual differences in empathy. JSAS Catalog of Selected Document in Psychology, 10, 85.
- Duan, C. et Hill, C. E. (1996). The current state of empathy research. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 43, 261-274. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-0167.43.3.261
- Duval, S. et Wicklund, R. A. (1972). A theory of objective self-awareness. Academic Press.
- Elliott, R., Bohart, A. C., Watson, J. C., Murphy, D. (2018). Therapist empathy and client outcome: An updated meta-analysis. Psychotherapy, 55, 399-410. https://doi.org/10.1037/pst0000175
- Eubanks-Carter, C., Muran, J.C. et Safran, J. D. (2010). Alliance ruptures and resolution. Dans J. C. Muran et J. P. Barber (dir.), The therapeutic alliance: An evidence-based approach to practice and training (p. 74-94). Guilford Press.
- Eubanks-Carter, C. F., Muran, J. C. et Safran, J. D. (2015a). Alliance-focused training. Psychotherapy, 52, 169-173. https://doi.org/
- Eubanks-Carter, C. F., Muran, J. C. et Safran, J. D. (2015b). Rupture Resolution Rating System (3RS): Manual. Manuscrit inédit, Mount Sinai-Beth Israel Medical Center, New York.
- Fauth, J. et Williams, E. N. (2005). The in-session self-awareness of therapist-trainees: Hindering or helpful? Journal of Counseling Psychology, 52, 443-447. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-0167.52.3.443
- Geller, S. M. et Greenberg, L. S. (2012). Therapeutic presence: A mindful approach to effective therapy. American Psychological Association. https://doi.org/10.1037/13485-000
- Gladstein, G. A. (1987). Empathy and counseling: Explorations in theory and research. Springer-Verlag.
- Guillemeney, J., Clary, B., Labadie-Fobis, A., Engberink, A. O. et Pavageau, S. (2018). La théorie de l’attachement est une ressource pour la relation médecin-patient : méta-synthèse qualitative. Annales médico-psychologiques : revue psychiatrique, 177, 335-341. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.amp.2018.04.015
- Hambleton, R. K. et Lee, M. (2013). Methods of translating and adapting tests to increase cross-language validity. Dans D. Saklofske, C. Reynolds et V. Schwean (dir.), The Oxford handbook of child assessment (p. 172-181). Oxford University Press.
- Harris, R. J. (1985). A primer of multivariate statistics (2e éd.). Academic Press.
- Hayes, J., A. et Vinca, M. (2017). Therapist absence, presence and extraordinary presence. Dans L. G. Castonguay et C. E. Hill (Éds), How and why are some therapists better than others?: Understanding therapist effects (pp. 85-99). American Psychological Association. https://doi.org/10.1037/0000034-006
- Henry, W. P., Schacht, T. E. et Strupp, H. H. (1986). Structural analysis of social behavior: Application to a study of interpersonal process in differential psychotherapeutic outcome. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 54, 27-31. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-006x.54.1.27
- Howell, D. C. (2006). Statistical methods for psychology (6e éd.). Wadsworth Publishing.
- Innamorati, M., Ebisch, S. J. H., Gallese, V. et Saggino, A. (2019). A bidimensional measure of empathy: Empathic Experience Scale (EES). PLOS ONE, 14, Article e0216164. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0216164
- International Test Commission. (2017). The ITC guidelines for translating and adapting tests (2e éd.). http://www.InTestCom.org
- Kaplowitz, M. J., Safran, J. D. et Muran, C. J. (2011). Impact of therapist emotional intelligence on psychotherapy. Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease, 199, 74-84. https://doi.org/10.1097/NMD.0b013e3182083efb
- Krause, M., Altimir, C. et Horvath, A. (2011). Deconstructing the therapeutic alliance: Reflections on the underlying dimensions of the concept [Una Deconstrucción de la Alianza Terapéutica: Reflexiones sobre las Dimensiones Subyacentes del Concepto]. Clínica y Salud, 22, 267-283. https://doi.org/10.5093/cl2011v22n3a7
- Lafontaine, M. F. et Lussier, Y. (2003). Structure bidimensionnelle de l'attachement amoureux : anxiété face à l'abandon et évitement de l'intimité [Bidimensional structure of attachment in love: Anxiety over abandonment and avoidance of intimacy]. Canadian Journal of Behavioural Science/Revue canadienne des sciences du comportement, 35, 56 - 60. https://doi.org/10.1037/h0087187
- Layton, J. M. et Wykle, M. H. (1990). A validity study of four empathy instruments. Research in Nursing et Health, 13, 319-325. https://doi.org/10.1002/nur.4770130508
- Lecomte, C., Savard, R., Drouin, M.-S. et Guillon, V. (2004). Qui sont les psychothérapeutes efficaces? Implications pour la formation en psychologie. Revue québécoise de psychologie, 25, 73-102.
- Lussier, E. (2015). Étude sur le contre-transfert et l’empathie des thérapeutes travaillant avec une clientèle présentant un trouble de la personnalité limite ou narcissique (Thèse de doctorat inédite). Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC, Canada.
- Marmarosh, C. L., Schmidt, E., Pembleton, J., Rotbart, E., Muzyk, N., Liner, A., … Salmen, K. (2015). Novice therapist attachment and perceived ruptures and repairs: A pilot study. Psychotherapy, 52, 140-144.https://doi.org/10.1037/a0036129
- Mayer, J. D. et Salovey, P. (1997). What is intelligence? Dans P. Salovey et D. J. Sluyter (dir.), Emotional development and emotional intelligence: Educational implications (p. 3-34). Harper Collins.
- Mayer, J. D., Salovey, P. et Caruso, D. R. (2004). Emotional intelligence: Theory, findings, and implications. Psychological Inquiry, 15, 197-215. https://doi.org/10.1207/s15327965pli1503_02
- McClintock, A. S., Anderson, T., Patterson, C. L. et Wing, E. H. (2018). Early psychotherapeutic empathy, alliance, and client outcome: Preliminary evidence of indirect effects. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 74, 839-848.https://doi.org/10.1002/jclp.22568
- Mikolajczak, M. (2009). Going beyond the ability-trait debate: The three-level model of emotional intelligence. E-Journal of Applied Psychology, 5, 25-31.
- Mikolajczak, M., Quoidbach, J., Kotsou, I. et Nelis, D. (2014). Les compétences émotionnelles. Dunod.
- Mikulincer, M., Shaver, P. R. et Berant, E. (2013). An attachment perspective on therapeutic processes and outcomes. Journal of Personality, 81, 606-616. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-6494.2012.00806.x
- Morin, A. (2002). Self-awareness Part 1: Do you ‘‘self-reflect’’ or ‘‘self-ruminate’’? Science et Consciousness Review, 1. http://cogprints.org/3788/
- Moyers, T. B. et Miller, W. R. (2013). Is low therapist empathy toxic? Psychology of Addictive Behaviors, 27, 878-884. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0030274
- Muran, J. C. et Safran, J. D. (2016). Therapeutic alliance ruptures. Dans A. E. Wenzel (dir.), Sage Encyclopedia of Abnormal et Clinical Psychology. Sage Publications.
- Muran, J. C., Safran, J. D., Eubanks, C. F. et Gorman, B. S. (2018). The effect of alliance-focused training on a cognitive-behavioral therapy for personality disorders. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 86, 384-397. https://doi.org/10.1037/ccp0000284
- Parker, J. D. A., Bagby, R. M., Taylor, G. J., Endler, N. S. et Schmitz, P. (1993). Factorial validity of the 20-item Toronto Alexithymia Scale. European Journal of Personality, 7, 221-232. https://doi.org/10.1002/per.2410070403
- Rice, L. N. et Greenberg, L. (1984). Patterns of change: Intensive analysis of psychotherapeutic process. Guilford.
- Rogers, C. R. (1957). The necessary and sufficient conditions of therapeutic personality change. Journal of Consulting Psychology, 21, 95-103. https://doi.org/10.1037/h0045357
- Safran, J. D. et Kraus, J. (2014). Alliance ruptures, impasses, and enactments: A relational perspective. Psychotherapy, 51, 381-387. https://doi.org//10.1037/a0036815
- Safran, J. D. et Muran, J. C. (1996). The resolution of ruptures in the therapeutic alliance. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 64, 447-458. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-006X.64.3.447
- Safran, J. D. et Muran, J. C. (2000). Negotiating the therapeutic alliance: A relational treatment guide. The Guilford Press.
- Safran, J. D. et Muran, J. C. (2006). Has the concept of the therapeutic alliance outlived its usefulness? Psychotherapy: Theory, Research, Practice, Training, 43, 286-291. https://doi.org/0.1037/0033-3204.43.3.286
- Safran, J. D., Muran, J. C., Demaria, A., Boutwell, C., Eubanks-Carter, C. et Winston, A. (2014). Investigating the impact of alliance-focused training on interpersonal process and therapists' capacity for experiential reflection. Psychotherapy Research, 24, 269-285. https://doi.org//10.1080/10503307.2013.874054
- Salovey, P., Mayer, J. D., Caruso, D. et Hee Yoo, S. (2008). The positive psychology of emotional intelligence. Dans J. C. Cassady et E. M. Ali (dir.), Emotional intelligence: perspectives on educational et positive psychology (p. 185-208). Peter Lang.
- Simpson, J. A., Rholes, W. S. et Phillips, D. (1996). Conflict in close relationships: An attachment perspective. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 71, 899-914. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.71.5.899
- Stolorow, R., Brandchaft, B. et Atwood, G. (1994). Psychoanalytic treatement: An intersubjective approach. Analytic Press.
- Strauss, B. M. et Petrowski, K. (2017). The role of the therapist’s attachment in the process and outcome of psychotherapy. Dans L. G. Castonguay et C. E. Hill (dir.), How and why are some therapists better than others?: Understanding therapist effects (p. 117-138). American Psychological Association. https://doi.org/10.1037/0000034-006
- Tabachnick, B. G. et Fidell, L. S. (2007). Using multivariate statistics. Allyn et Bacon/Pearson Education.
- Takano, K., Sakamoto, S. et Tanno, Y. (2011). Ruminative and reflective forms of self-focus: Their relationships with interpersonal skills and emotional reactivity under interpersonal stress. Personality and Individual Differences, 51, 515-520. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2011.05.010
- Talbot, C., Ostiguy-Pion, R., Painchaud, E., Lafrance, C. et Descôteaux, J. (2019). Detecting alliance ruptures: The effects of the therapist’s experience, attachment, empathy and countertransference management skills. Research in Psychotherapy: Psychopathology, Process and Outcome, 22, 19-28. https://doi.org/10.4081/ripppo.2019.325
- Trapnell, P. D. et Campbell, J. D. (1999). Private self-consciousness and the five-factor model of personality: Distinguishing rumination from reflection. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 76, 284-304. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.76.2.284
- Wai, M. et Tiliopoulos, N. (2012). The affective and cognitive empathic nature of the dark triad of personality. Personality and Individual Differences, 52, 794-799. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2012.01.008
- Wei, M., Russell, D. W., Mallinckrodt, B. et Vogel, D. L. (2007). The Experiences in Close Relationship Scale (ECR)-Short Form: Reliability, validity, and factor structure. Journal of Personality Assessment, 88, 187-204. https://doi.org/10.1080/00223890701268041
- Zortea, T. C., Gray, C. M. et O’Connor, R. C. (2019). Adult attachment: Investigating the factor structure of the Relationship Scales Questionnaire. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 75, 1-19. https://doi.org/10.1002/jclp.22838
- Zweig, M. H. et Campbell, G. (1993). Receiver-Operating Characteristic (ROC) plots: A fundamental evaluation tool in clinical medicine. Clinical Chemistry, 39, 561-577.