Abstracts
Abstract
The aim of this work is to evaluate the degree of degradation phenolic compounds in olive mill wastewater (OMW), using crude plant peroxidases. In fact, OMW was treated with crude peroxidases extracted from radish (Raphanus sativus L.) and nettle (Urtica urens L.) leaves. A significant reduction of more than 60% of total phenols was observed in OMW incubated with peroxidase crude extract during seven days. The present chromatographic data obtained by high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) show that enzymatic treatment may change the composition of the polyphenols contained in the OMW. Thus, we observed a significant decrease in some phenolic acid levels, such as gallic acid, p-coumaric acid and hydroxytyrosol, and the disappearance of vanillic acid, compared to the non-treated OMW. Finally, phytotoxicity of the treated and non-treated OMW was tested by means of young sunflower plants (Helianthus annuus) grown in hydroponic medium. Our results showed that sunflower plants grow normally when the nutrient medium contains treated OMW; whereas they fade rapidly in the presence of non-treated OMW. We conclude that treatment of OMW with radish and nettle crude extracts could attenuate OMW phytotoxicity considerably.
Key words:
- olive mill wastewater,
- phenols,
- plant peroxidases,
- nettle,
- radish
Résumé
Le but de ce travail est d'évaluer le degré de dégradation des composés phénoliques contenus dans les margines en utilisant des peroxydases végétales brutes. En fait, la margine a été traitée avec des peroxydases brutes extraites de feuilles de radis (Raphanus sativus L.) et d'ortie (Urtica urens L.). Une réduction significative de plus de 60 % des phénols totaux a été observée dans la margine incubée avec un extrait brut de peroxydase pendant sept jours. D'autre part, le profil chromatographique obtenu par chromatographie liquide à haute performance (HPLC) a montré que le traitement enzymatique est capable de changer la composition des polyphénols contenus dans la margine. Ainsi, nous avons observé une diminution significative de certains niveaux d'acides phénoliques, tels que l'acide gallique, l'acide p-coumarique et l'hydroxytyrosol, et la disparition de l'acide vanillique, en comparant à la margine non traitée. Enfin, la phytotoxicité des margines traitées et non traitées a été testée à l'aide de jeunes plants de tournesol (Helianthus annuus) cultivés en milieu hydroponique. Nos résultats montrent que les plantes de tournesol poussent normalement lorsque le milieu nutritif contient des margines traitées, alors qu'elles se fanent rapidement en présence des margines non traitées. Ainsi, il semble que le traitement de margine avec des extraits bruts de radis et d'ortie pourrait considérablement atténuer leur phytotoxicité.
Mots-clés:
- margines,
- phénols,
- peroxydases végétales,
- ortie,
- radis
Appendices
References
- ASADA K. (1999). The water-water cycle in chloroplasts: scavenging of active oxygens and dissipation of excess photons. Annu. Rev. Plant Physiol. Plant Mol. Biol., 50, 601-639.
- ASGHER M., H.N. BHATTI, M. ASHRAF and R.L. LEGGE (2008). Recent developments in biodegradation of industrial pollutants by white-rot fungi and their enzyme system. Biodegradation, 19, 771-783.
- BARAKAT M., D.P. MAKRIS, P. KEFALAS and E. PSILLAKIS (2010). Removal of olive mill waste water phenolics using a crude peroxidase extract from onion by-products. Environ. Chem. Lett., 8, 271-275.
- BOUKHOUBZA F., A. AIT-BOUGHROUS, M. YACOUBI-KHEBIZA, A. JAIL, L. HASSANI, L. LOUKILI IDRISSI and A. NEJMEDDINE (2008). Impact of olive oil wastewater on the physicochemical and biological quality of groundwater in the Haouz Plain, South of Marrakesh (Morocco). Environ. Technol., 29, 959-974.
- BUCHMANN C., A. FELTEN, B. PEIKERT, K. MUÑOZ, N. BANDOW, A. DAG and G.E. SCHAUMANN (2015). Development of phytotoxicity and composition of a soil treated with olive mill wastewater (OMW): an incubation study. J. Plant Soil, 386, 99-112.
- DAÂSSI D., S. SELLAMI, F. FRIKHA, S. RODRIGUEZ-COUTO, M. NASRI and T. MECHICHI (2016). Assessment of Coriolopsis gallica-treated olive mill wastewater phytotoxicity on tomato plants. Environ. Sci. Pollut. Res., 23, 15370-15380.
- DEMIAN F.D. and D.R. MAKRIS (2013). Removal of olive mill wastewater phenolics with the use of a polyphenol oxidase homogenate from potato peel waste. J. Waste Manag., Art. 630209. DOI: 10.1155/2013/630209
- DERMECHE S., M. NADOUR, C. LARROCHE, F. MOULTI-MATI and P. MICHAUD (2013). Olive mill wastes: Biochemical characterizations and valorization strategies. Process Biochem., 48, 1532-1552.
- DEWANTO V., X. WU, K.K ADOM and R.H. LIU (2002). Thermal processing enhances the nutritional value of tomatoes by increasing total antioxidant activity. J. Agric. Food Chem., 50, 3010-3014.
- EL HAJJOUJI H., N. FAKHAREDINE, G. AIT BADDI, P. WINTERTON, J.R. BAILLY, J.C. REVEL and M. HAFIDI (2007). Treatment of olive mill waste water by aerobic biodegradation: an analytical study using gel permeation chromatography, ultraviolet-visible and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy. Bioresource Technol., 98, 3513-3520.
- ESFANDYARI Y., Y. MAHDAVIN, M. SEYEDSALEHI, M. HOSEINI, G.H. SAFARI, M.G. GHOZIKALI, H. KAMANI and J. JAAFARI (2015). Degradation and biodegradability improvement of the olive mill wastewater by peroxi-electrocoagulation/electrooxidation-electroflotation process with bipolar aluminum electrodes. Environ. Sci. Pollut. Res. Int., 22, 6288-6297.
- FAIVRE-RAMPANT O., C. KEVERS, C. BELLINI and T. GASPAR (1998). Peroxidase activity, ethylene production, lignification and growth limitation in shoots of a nonrooting mutant of tobacco. Plant Physiol. Biochem., 36, 873-877.
- FIELDING J.L. and J.L HALL (1978). A biochemical and cytochemical study of peroxidase activity in roots of Pisum sativum: I. A comparison of dab-peroxidase and guaiacol-peroxidase with particular emphasis on the properties of cell wall activity. J. Exp. Botany, 29, 969-981.
- GILL S.S. and N. TUTEJA (2010). Reactive oxygen species and antioxidant machinery in abiotic stress tolerance in crop plants. Plant Physiol. Biochem., 48, 909-930.
- HODAIFA G., J.M. OCHANDO-PULIDO, S. RODRIGUEZ-VIVES and A. MARTINEZ-FEREZ (2013). Optimization of continuous reactor at pilot scale for olive-oil mill wastewater treatment by Fenton-like process. Chem. Eng. J., 220, 117-124.
- KOMILIS D.P., E. KARATZAS and C.P. HALVADAKIS (2005). The effect of olive mill wastewater on seed germination after various pretreatment techniques. J. Environ. Manag., 74, 339-348.
- MADER M., J. UNGEMACH and P. SCHLOβ (1980). The role of peroxidase isoenzyme groups of Nicotiana tabacum in hydrogen peroxide formation. Planta, 147, 467-470.
- MASSOUDINEJAD M.R., K. ARMAN and E. AGHAYANI (2014). Ecological risk assessment to olive oil mill wastewater (OMW) with bioassay on plant species. Ecol. Environ Conserv., 20, 229-234.
- MEKKI A., A. DHOUIB and S. SAYADI (2007). Polyphenols dynamics and phytotoxicity in a soil amended by olive mill wastewaters. J. Environ. Manag., 84, 134-140.
- PARASKEVA P. and E. DIAMADOPOULOS (2006). Technologies for olive mill wastewater (OMW) treatment: a review. J. Chem. Technol. Biotechnol., 81, 1475-1485.
- RUSAN M.J., A.A. ALBALASMEH, S. ZURAIQI and M BASHABSHEH (2015). Evaluation of phytotoxicity effect of olive mill wastewater treated by different technologies on seed germination of barley (Hordeum vulgare L.). J. Environ. Sci. Poll. Res., 22, 9127-9135.
- SAADI I., M. RAVIV, S. BERKOVICH, A. HANAN, I. AVIANI and Y. LAOR (2013). Fate of soil-applied olive mill wastewater and potential phytotoxicity assessed by two bioassay methods. J. Environ. Quality, 42, 1791-1801.
- SAAVEDRA M., E. BENITEZ, C. CIFUENTES and R. NOGALES (2006). Enzyme activities and chemical changes in wet olive cake after treatment with Pleurotus ostreatus or Eisenia fetida. Biodegradation, 17, 93-102.
- SALMAN M., A.K. NAWAF, A.R. BASIMA, J. MOHAMAD and A. RUBA (2014). Detoxification of olive mill wastewater using the white rot fungus Phanerochaete chrysosporium. Int. J. Environ. Sustain., 3, 1-6.
- SERGIO L., A. DE PAOLA, V. LINSALATA, A. CARDINALI, S. VANADIA and D. DI VENERE (2010). The use of artichoke peroxidase to remove phenols from olive mill waste water. Fresenius Environ. Bull., 19, 3028-3036.