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Abstracts
Résumé
Les grandes Infrastructures de Transport Terrestre (ITT) génèrent de multiples impacts sur la biodiversité, depuis les premières transformations du paysage en amont des travaux de construction jusqu’aux effets de la gestion des dépendances vertes en phase d’exploitation. Les travaux scientifiques en road ecology ont permis de spatialiser au gré des recherches la plupart des impacts des ITT sur les milieux naturels et la biodiversité. Dans le contexte territorial français, la loi de 1976 sur les études d’impact, puis les lois Grenelle dans les années 2000 ont établi un cadre réglementaire de plus en plus exigeant. Ce cadre d’études a favorisé l’émergence de nouvelles pratiques d’ingénierie visant à la transparence écologique des ITT suivant la doctrine de l’Evitement-Réduction-Compensation (ERC). Désormais, aménageurs et chercheurs s’interrogent aussi sur la continuité des impacts tout au long des phases de vie des ITT, ainsi que sur les impacts cumulés (mêlant impacts directs, indirects et/ou induits) sur la biodiversité. Les limites spatiales et temporelles des études et des modèles d’impact amènent à s’interroger sur le rôle des riverains dans l’observation de l’environnement. Cet article présente les modèles d’impact et leurs limites, avec l’exemple des Lignes à Grande Vitesse (LGV) françaises, interroge les impacts au prisme du « catastrophisme éclairé », entre expertise et grand public et propose quelques clefs de détermination des impacts diffus (impacts cumulés plus d’éventuels impacts inaperçus) sur la biodiversité. On conclut sur l’intérêt de la notion de diffusion pour penser l’échelle spatiale selon une pluralité de temporalités.
Mots-clés :
- biodiversité,
- impact,
- rail,
- diffusion,
- intermittence
Abstract
Land Transport Infrastructures (LTIs) generate multiple impacts on biodiversity, from the first landscape transformations, to the effects of the green areas management throughout their operational phase. Scientific work in road ecology helped spatialize most impacts of ITT on natural environments and biodiversity. In the French territorial context, the 1976 law on Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) and the Grenelle laws in the 2000s established an increasingly demanding framework for studies. This framework has fostered new engineering practices aiming to ecological transparency of ITT under the doctrine of Avoidance-Reduction-Compensation. Now, developers and researchers also question the continuity of impacts throughout the life phases of ITT, as well as cumulative impacts (combining direct, indirect and/or induced impacts) on biodiversity. The limitations of impact studies and models raise questions on the role of residents in the observation of environmental impacts. This article provides an overview of the impact models and their limitations, with the example of French High Speed Lines (HSL) interrogates these impacts through the prism of the "enlightened catastrophism" and proposes some key-clues for diffuse impacts (cumulative plus unnoticed impacts) on biodiversity. It concludes on the interest of the notion of diffusion to think the spatial scale in a plurality of time frames.
Keywords:
- biodiversity,
- impact,
- rail,
- diffusion,
- intermittence
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Appendices
Remerciements
Cet article présente quelques réflexions dans le cadre d’une thèse de doctorat financée par la chaire d’entreprise Eiffage – Paris 1 Panthéon-Sorbonne Biodiversité, Environnement et Grandes Infrastructures (BEGI). Les auteurs remercient chaleureusement Joachim Lémeri et ses collègues du groupe Eiffage pour leur disponibilité. De vifs remerciements également à Romain Julliard du Museum National d’Histoire naturel (MNHN) pour ses précieuses remarques. Un grand merci aux équipes du Laboratoire de géographie physique (LGP) et du Laboratoire des dynamiques sociales et recomposition des espaces (Ladyss) pour nos discussions tous azimuts sur la biodiversité et la géographie. Et merci à Florence, Lize, Yosr, Claire, Florian, Vincent et tout le Master 2 Bioterre (2014-2015) pour l’enthousiasme et le travail collectif autour du projet LGV-BPL.
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