Abstracts
Résumé
Les sources historiques montrent que la remarquable biodiversité de la péninsule malaise et les espèces menacées qu’elle abrite ont été préservées en partie grâce aux actions de conservation prises pendant la période coloniale, poursuivies et développées après l’indépendance. Sous l’impulsion de quelques coloniaux, tel l’amateur de grande chasse Theodore Hubback, les États de la péninsule malaise sous domination britannique ont adopté des législations de protection de la faune sauvage, créé des parcs et réserves, notamment le parc national King George V, et mis en place un département de protection de la vie sauvage. Ce dernier était en charge du contrôle des animaux considérés comme nuisibles, de l’application des lois, de la gestion des parcs et de la conservation des espèces. Les game warden britanniques étaient aidés par des Malaisiens engagés qui ont pris la relève après l’indépendance, malgré un manque criant de moyens. La Malayan Nature Society, créée en 1940 par le chief game warden fédéral, a aidé le département dans sa tâche. Jusqu’au début des années 1970, cette association était avant tout un club d’expatriés, mais certains parmi ses rares membres malaisiens sont devenus très influents dans la Malaisie indépendante. Elle s’est ainsi trouvée au coeur de réseaux qui permettaient de mettre les militants de la conservation, les scientifiques, les experts internationaux et les agents du département de la vie sauvage en contact avec les décideurs politiques. La Malaisie a ainsi pu poursuivre les programmes conçus sous domination britannique et développer ses propres politiques de conservation.
Mots-clés :
- Malaisie,
- colonisation,
- conservation,
- faune sauvage,
- parcs nationaux,
- Malayan Nature Society,
- réseaux,
- nuisibles,
- éléphant,
- gaur
Abstract
Peninsular Malaysia hosts a remarkable biodiversity and has succeeded in maintaining sustainable populations of endangered species. Historical sources show that this achievement was made possible thanks to a conservation apparatus set up during the British colonial period, which continued and developed further after Independence. Under the pressure of colonists interested in wildlife conservation, such as big game hunter Theodore Hubback, the Malay States under British rule drafted protection laws, established parks and reserves -- including the King George V National Park -- and set up a Game Department charged with pest control, law enforcement, parks management and wildlife conservation. The British Game Wardens were backed by concerned Malaysians who were able to take over after Independence despite the lack of means allocated to wildlife protection. The Malayan Nature Society, founded in 1940 by the federal Chief Game Warden, assisted the Game Department in its task. While the Society remained a British club up to the early 1970s, some of its few Malaysian members became very influential in independent Malaysia. After Independence, the Society was at the centre of a network that connected conservationists, scientists, Game Wardens and decision makers. It was this network of institutions and individuals that allowed Malaysia not only to pursue the conservation agenda set by the British, but also to draw its own conservation policy.
Keywords:
- Malaysia,
- British Malaya,
- wildlife conservation,
- Taman Negara,
- game department,
- Malayan Nature Society,
- networks,
- pest control,
- elephant,
- seladang
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Appendices
Remerciements
Cette recherche a été financée grâce au programme Soutien à la mobilité internationale (SMI) de l’Institut des Sciences humaines et sociales du CNRS. L’université de Nottingham, campus de Malaisie, m’a accueilli comme visiting-scholar. Les archives nationales de Malaisie, la Malaysian Nature Society, le jabatan Perhilitan, le Perbadanan Taman Negara (Johor), et les archives nationales de Singapour m’ont donné accès à leur documentation et aux personnes ressources. Je tiens à remercier tout particulièrement Mohamed Khan bin Momin Khan, Lim Boo Liat, Henry Barlow, Ahimsa Campos-Arceiz, Teck Wyn, Nagulendran Kangayatkarasu, Pierre-Michel Forget, Sivananthan Elagupillay, Mohamed Desa bin Puteh, I.S. Shanmugaraj, Sonny Wong Choong Hay, Intan Zurani binti Abd Razak, ainsi que les militants de la MNS, les guides du Taman Negara et les rangers et cadres du jabatan Perhilitan et du Perbadanan Taman Negara (Johor) qui ont bien voulu m’accorder de leur temps et partager leurs connaissances avec moi.
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