Abstracts
Résumé
D. Smith et al. (2018) ont récemment proposé d’appliquer au contexte britannique le concept de « wilderness gentrification » (Darling, 2005), appelant les chercheurs à poursuivre les recherches empiriques sur ce sujet. Cet article entend précisément répondre à cet appel. En s’appuyant sur un travail de terrain réalisé dans le parc national de Dartmoor de 2016 à 2018, il s’agira tout d’abord d’analyser la pertinence du concept de wilderness gentrification dans les parcs nationaux anglais. Les entretiens semi-directifs réalisés auprès des nouveaux habitants installés dans le parc national ont permis de corroborer l’hypothèse d’une wilderness gentrification à travers l’analyse des représentations qui justifient leurs stratégies résidentielles. S’il s’agit bien de la quête d’une wilderness à l’anglaise qui a poussé ces nouveaux habitants à venir s’installer dans les espaces étudiés, la mise en pratique de ces représentations se traduit par le développement d’initiatives de ré-ensauvagement qui s’inscrivent dans le mouvement du rewilding. Incarnant une nouvelle vision de la gestion de la nature dans les parcs nationaux anglais, ces pratiques individuelles et collectives, varient selon les échelles et les espaces (Taylor, 2005; Lorimer et al., 2015; Sandom et Wynne-Jones, 2019). Si ces nouvelles pratiques tendent à cristalliser des tensions, notamment entre les propriétaires des communs à Dartmoor, elles impulsent des réflexions nouvelles relatives à la manière d’intégrer ce nouveau mode de gestion pour le parc national.
Mots-clés :
- wilderness gentrification,
- rewilding,
- représentations,
- pratiques,
- parcs nationaux,
- Angleterre
Abstract
D.Smith et al. (2018) have recently suggested to apply the concept of wilderness gentrification in England and called researchers to pursue field research to test this hypothesis. This article aims to answer that suggestion and wishes to analyse the relevance of the wilderness gentrification concept in England’s National Parks. At difference stages of the process the wilderness appears essential for new inhabitants. It is one of the main reasons which explains their migration to the Dartmoor National Park, regarded by some to be the last wilderness in England. Therefore, considering their socio-economic profiles, their investment in the place suggests that they impulse dynamics of gentrification. Moreover, when greentrifiers transcribe their representations into practice, it appears that they tend to promote rewilding approaches at different scales. However, in Dartmoor, rewilding practices create new tensions between different social groups, especially with hill farmers. Within the Brexit context, rewilding seems to be taken seriously by the national park authorities as a new tool for nature conservation.
Keywords:
- wilderness gentrification,
- rewilding,
- representations,
- practices,
- national parks,
- England
Download the article in PDF to read it. Download
Appendices
Remerciements
Cette recherche a été financée par le programme ANR ORA+ iRGENT (International Rural Gentrification). Les remerciements vont également aux acteurs et habitants interviewés pour leur disponibilité et amabilité. Enfin, merci à Fabien Cerbelaud, assistant ingénieur au laboratoire GEOLAB, pour ses conseils dans l’élaboration des cartes.
Bibliographie
- Abrams, J. B., H. Gosnell, N. J. Gill et P. J. Klepeis, 2012, Re-creating the rural, reconstructing nature: An international literature review of the environmental implications of amenity migration, Conservation and society, 10(3), 270.Google Scholar Search this bibliographic reference on Google Scholar
- Arnould, P. et É. Glon, 2006, Wilderness, usages et perceptions de la nature en Amérique du Nord, Annales de géographie, 3, pp. 227-238.Google Scholar Search this bibliographic reference on Google Scholar
- Arts, K., 2012, Wilderness Restoration and Animal Reintroduction: Ideas, discourses and policies, Unpublished PhD thesis, University of Aberdeen, 164 p.Google Scholar Search this bibliographic reference on Google Scholar
- Aitchison, J. et G. Gadsden, 1992, Common land, In: Howarth, W., Rodgers, C. (Eds.), Agriculture, Conservation and Land Use: Law and Policy Issues for Rural Areas, University of Wales Press, Cardi, pp. 165-185. Google Scholar Search this bibliographic reference on Google Scholar
- Barraud, R. et M. Périgord, 2013, L’Europe ensauvagée: émergence d’une nouvelle forme de patrimonialisation de la nature ?, L’Espace géographique, 42(3), pp. 254-269, doi:10.3917/eg.423.0254. Google Scholar Search this bibliographic reference on Google Scholar
- Barraud R. et C. Portal, 2018. Les figures de la nature sauvage en Europe: ressources territoriales ou espaces en crise ? In Rouget N. et Schmitt G. (coord.), Natures des villes, natures des champs, Valenciennes, Presses Universitaires de Valenciennes, p. 250-275Google Scholar Search this bibliographic reference on Google Scholar
- Barraud, R., V. Andreu-Boussut, C. Chadenas, C. Portal et S. Guyot, 2019, « Ensauvagement et ré-ensauvagement de l’Europe: controverse et postures scientifiques », Bulletin de l’association de géographes français [en ligne], 96-2 | 2019, mis en ligne le 10 octobre 2020, consulté le 31 janvier 2020, URL: http://journals.openedition.org/bagf/5141; DOI : 10.4000/bagf.5141 Google Scholar Search this bibliographic reference on Google Scholar
- Bell, D., 2006, Variations on the rural idyll, in P.Cloke, T.Marsden, P.Mooney, Handbook of rural studies, London, SAGE Publication, pp. 149-160. Google Scholar Search this bibliographic reference on Google Scholar
- Bell, J. et A. Stockdale, , 2019, National Parks as Countryside Management: A 21st Century Dilemma, in M. Scott, N. Gallent, & M. Gkartzios (Eds.), The Routledge Companion to Rural Planning , Oxon, Routledge, pp. 347-445. Google Scholar Search this bibliographic reference on Google Scholar
- Berkes, F., J. Colding et C. Folke, 2000, Rediscovery of traditional ecological knowledge as adaptive management, Ecological Applications, 10(5), pp. 1251-1262. Google Scholar Search this bibliographic reference on Google Scholar
- Blunden, J. et N. Curry, 1990, A people's charter? Forty years of the National Parks and Access to the Countryside Act 1949, HMSO Publications Centre, 299 p.Google Scholar Search this bibliographic reference on Google Scholar
- Bishop, K. et A. Phillips, 2004, Then and now: planning for countryside conservation, in Bishop, K., Phillips, A (eds), Countryside Planning: new approaches to management and conservation, London, Earthscan, pp. 1-15.Google Scholar Search this bibliographic reference on Google Scholar
- Bollier, D., 2014, The commons as a template for transformation, Great Transition Initiative, [en ligne] URL: https://greattransition.org/publication/the-commons-as-a-template-for-transformation Google Scholar Search this bibliographic reference on Google Scholar
- Bryson J. et W. Wyckoff, 2010, Rural gentrification and nature in the Old and New Wests, Journal of Cultural Geography, 27, 1, pp. 53-75. Google Scholar Search this bibliographic reference on Google Scholar
- Brown, C., R. McMorran et M.F. Price, 2011, Rewilding: a new paradigm for nature conservation in Scotland?, Scottish Geographical Journal, 127, 4, pp. 288-314.Google Scholar Search this bibliographic reference on Google Scholar
- Butler, T., 2018, An Overview of the National Parks System in England & Wales, Revue juridique de l’environnement, 43, 2, pp. 317-328, [en ligne] URL: https://www.cairn.info/revue-revue-juridique-de-l-environnement-2018-2-page-317.htm Google Scholar Search this bibliographic reference on Google Scholar
- Cherry, G. E., 1975, Environmental planning. Volume II. National parks and recreation in the countryside, HMSO, London, 173 p.Google Scholar Search this bibliographic reference on Google Scholar
- Clark, E., 2005, The order and simplicity of gentrification: a political challenge, In R.Atkinson (dir.), Gentrification in a global context: the new urban colonialism, Routledge, pp. 261-269. Google Scholar Search this bibliographic reference on Google Scholar
- Cloke, P., 1979, Key Settlements in Rural Areas, Routledge, London, 274 p.Google Scholar Search this bibliographic reference on Google Scholar
- Cloke, P., 1983, An introduction to rural settlement planning, Methuen, London, 398 p.Google Scholar Search this bibliographic reference on Google Scholar
- Corlett, R., 2016a, Restoration, reintroduction, and rewilding in a changing world, Trends in Ecology and Evolution, 31, pp. 453-462. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tree.2017.03.003. Google Scholar Search this bibliographic reference on Google Scholar
- Crowley, S.L., S. Hinchliffe et R. A. McDonald, 2017, Nonhuman citizens on trial: the ecological politics of a beaver reintroduction, Environment and Planning A, 49, pp. 1846-1866. Google Scholar Search this bibliographic reference on Google Scholar
- Darling, E., 2005, The city in the country: wilderness gentrification and the rent gap. Environment and Planning A, 37(6), pp. 1015-1032.Google Scholar Search this bibliographic reference on Google Scholar
- Department for Environment, Food & Rural Affairs- GOV UK (Defra), 2018, Health and harmony: The future for food, farming and the environment in a Green Brexit, [en ligne] URL: https://www.gov.uk/government/consultations/the-future-for-food-farming-and-the-environment Google Scholar Search this bibliographic reference on Google Scholar
- Depraz, S., 2011, Les territoires de nature protégée, de la théorie participative aux pratiques de bonne gouvernance., Bulletin de l’Association de géographes français, 88, 4, p. 365-374.Google Scholar Search this bibliographic reference on Google Scholar
- Dudley, N., 2011, Authenticity in Nature: making choices about the naturalness of ecosystems, Abingdon, Earthscan, 256 p.Google Scholar Search this bibliographic reference on Google Scholar
- Fisher, M., S. Carver, Z. Kun, R. McMorran, K. Arrel et G. Mitchell, 2010, Review of status and conservation of wild land in Europe, Project commissioned by the Scottish Government, Wildland Research Institute, University of Leeds. Google Scholar Search this bibliographic reference on Google Scholar
- Fraser, C., 2009, Rewilding the World: dispatches from the conservation revolution, New York, Picador USA, 416 p.Google Scholar Search this bibliographic reference on Google Scholar
- Gammon, A., 2017, Rewilding – a process or a paradigm?, ECOS, 38, [en ligne] URL: https://www.banc.org.uk/rewilding-a-process-or-a-paradigm/ Google Scholar Search this bibliographic reference on Google Scholar
- Ghose, R., 2004, Big sky or big sprawl? Rural gentrification and the changing cultural landscape of Missoula, Montana, Urban geography, 25, 6, pp. 528-549.Google Scholar Search this bibliographic reference on Google Scholar
- Guyot, S. et F. Richard, 2009, Les fronts écologiques- Une clef de lecture socio-territoriale des enjeux environnementaux ?, L’Espace Politique [En ligne], 9 | 2009-3, mis en ligne le 20 janvier 2010, consulté le 05 février 2018, URL: http://journals.openedition.org/espacepolitique/1422; DOI: 10.4000/espacepolitique.1422 Google Scholar Search this bibliographic reference on Google Scholar
- Guyot, S., 2015, Lignes de front, l’art et la manière de protéger la nature, HDR, Université de Limoges, 528 p.Google Scholar Search this bibliographic reference on Google Scholar
- Halfacree, K., 1994, The importance of ‘the rural’in the constitution of counterurbanization: Evidence from England in the 1980s, Sociologia ruralis, 34, 2‐3, pp. 164-189.Google Scholar Search this bibliographic reference on Google Scholar
- Hall, M., 2014, Extracting culture or injecting nature? Rewilding in transatlantic perspective, In Old World and New World Perspectives in Environmental Philosophy, London, Springer, pp. 17-35.Google Scholar Search this bibliographic reference on Google Scholar
- Harrison, M., 2016, Rewilding National Parks : moor than meets the eye, ECOS, 37, 1. Google Scholar Search this bibliographic reference on Google Scholar
- Hines, J. D., 2010, Rural gentrification as permanent tourism: the creation of the ‘New’West Archipelago as postindustrial cultural space, Environment and Planning D: Society and Space, 28, 3, pp. 509-525.Google Scholar Search this bibliographic reference on Google Scholar
- Hodge, I., 2016, The governance of the countryside: property, planning and policy, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 383 p. Google Scholar Search this bibliographic reference on Google Scholar
- Jepson, P. et F. Schepers, 2016, Making space for rewilding: creating an enabling policy environment, Rewilding Europe, [en ligne] URL: https://ora.ox.ac.uk/objects/uuid:c26830b5-6ec0-49a7-9865-ad7c319424c7/download_file?file_format=pdf&safe_filename=Making%2BSpace%2Bfor%2BRewilding%2B2016-04-26a.pdf&type_of_work=Report Google Scholar Search this bibliographic reference on Google Scholar
- Joliet, F. et P. Jacobs, 2009, Le Wilderness, une manière de voir et d’être à la nature sauvage: le prisme paysager de Tremblant, Québec., Cahiers de Géographie du Québec, 53, 148, https://doi.org/10.7202/038140ar. Google Scholar Search this bibliographic reference on Google Scholar
- Jørgensen, D., 2015, Rethinking rewilding, Geoforum, 65, pp. 482-488.Google Scholar Search this bibliographic reference on Google Scholar
- Kelly, M., 2015, Quartz and Feldspar: Dartmoor-A British Landscape in Modern Times, Random House, London, 496 p. Google Scholar Search this bibliographic reference on Google Scholar
- Lawton, J.H., P.N.M. Brotherton et V.K. Brown, 2010, Making space for nature: a review of England’s wildlife sites and ecological network, London, DEFRA, [en ligne] URL: https://www.gov.uk/government/news/making-space-for-nature-a-review-of-englands-wildlife-sites-published-today Google Scholar Search this bibliographic reference on Google Scholar
- Little, J., 1987, Rural gentrification and the influence of local-level planning, in P.Cloke, N.Thrift, Rural planning: policy into action, SAGE Publications, London, pp. 185-199.Google Scholar Search this bibliographic reference on Google Scholar
- Lorimer, J., C. Sandom, P. Jepson, C. Doughty, M. Barua et K. J. Kirby, 2015, Rewilding: Science, practice, and politics, Annual Review of Environment and Resources, 40, pp. 39-62.Google Scholar Search this bibliographic reference on Google Scholar
- Lorimer, J., 2015, Wildlife in the Anthropocene: conservation after nature, Minnesota, University of Minnesota Press, 296 p. Google Scholar Search this bibliographic reference on Google Scholar
- MacEwen, A. et M. MacEwen, 1982, National Parks: conservation or cosmetics?,George Allen and Unwin, London, 296 p.Google Scholar Search this bibliographic reference on Google Scholar
- MacNaghten, P. et J. Urry, 1998, Contested Natures, SAGE, London, 320p. Google Scholar Search this bibliographic reference on Google Scholar
- Mathis, C.-F., 2010, In nature we trust: les paysages anglais à l’ère industrielle, PUPS, Presses de l’université Paris-Sorbonne, 685 p.Google Scholar Search this bibliographic reference on Google Scholar
- Mellac, M. et J. C. Diepart, 2017, Les communs fonciers à l’ère d’internet au Cambodge, une approche par les conflits, Netcom. Réseaux, communication et territoires, 31, 1/2, pp. 129-152.Google Scholar Search this bibliographic reference on Google Scholar
- Monbiot, G., 2013, Feral: Searching for enchantment on the frontiers of rewilding, Penguin, London, 307 p.Google Scholar Search this bibliographic reference on Google Scholar
- Morange M. et C. Schmoll, 2016, Les outils qualitatifs en géographie. Méthodes et applications, Armand Colin, Paris, 240 p. Google Scholar Search this bibliographic reference on Google Scholar
- Murdoch, J. et P. Lowe, 2003, The preservationist paradox: modernism, environmentalism and the politic of spatial division, Transactions of the Institute of British Geographers, 28, 3, pp. 318-332.Google Scholar Search this bibliographic reference on Google Scholar
- Navarro, L. M. et H. M. Pereira, 2015, Rewilding abandoned landscapes in Europe, in Navarro, L., Pereira, H., Rewilding European Landscapes, Springer, Cham, pp. 3-23, DOI 10.1007/978-3-319-12039-3 Google Scholar Search this bibliographic reference on Google Scholar
- Ostrom, E., 1990, Governing the commons: The evolution of institutions for collective action, Cambridge university press, Cambridge, 298 p.Google Scholar Search this bibliographic reference on Google Scholar
- Parsons, D, 1980, Rural Gentrification, Geography Research Paper No 3, Brighton: University of Sussex. Google Scholar Search this bibliographic reference on Google Scholar
- Pereira, H. et L. Navarro, 2016, Rewilding European Landscapes, London, Springer International Publishing, 227 p. Google Scholar Search this bibliographic reference on Google Scholar
- Pettorelli, N., J. Barlow, P. A. Stephens, S. M. Durant et B. Connor, Schulte to Bühne, H., Sandom, C., Wentworth, J., du Toit, J. T. , 2018, Making rewilding fit for policy, Journal of applied ecology, 55, 3, pp. 1114-1125.Google Scholar Search this bibliographic reference on Google Scholar
- Phillips, M., 1993, Rural gentrification and the processes of class colonisation, Journal of rural studies, 9,2, pp. 123-140.Google Scholar Search this bibliographic reference on Google Scholar
- Phillips, M., 2005, Rural gentrification and the production of nature: a case study from Middle England, In 4th International Conference of Critical Geographers, Mexico City, pp. 8-12.Google Scholar Search this bibliographic reference on Google Scholar
- Phillips, M., 2010, Counterurbanisation and rural gentrification: an exploration of the terms. Population, Space and Place, 16, 6, pp. 539-558.Google Scholar Search this bibliographic reference on Google Scholar
- Phillips, M., S. Page, E. Saratsi, K. Tansey et K. Moore, 2008, Diversity, scale and green landscapes in the gentrification process: Traversing ecological and social science perspectives, Applied geography, 28, 1, pp. 54-76.Google Scholar Search this bibliographic reference on Google Scholar
- Prior, J., 2012, The roles of aesthetic vales in ecological restoration: case studies from the United Kingdom, PhD thesis, University of Edinburgh, 365 p. Google Scholar Search this bibliographic reference on Google Scholar
- Prior, J. et E. Brady, 2017, Environmental aesthetics and rewilding, Environmental Values, 26, pp. 31-51. Google Scholar Search this bibliographic reference on Google Scholar
- Rackham, O., 1986, The History of the Countryside, J.M. Dent, London, 448 p. Google Scholar Search this bibliographic reference on Google Scholar
- Rewilding Britain, 2017, Rewilding principles, https://www.rewildingbritain.org.uk/rewilding/rewilding-principles Google Scholar Search this bibliographic reference on Google Scholar
- Richard, F., 2009, La gentrification des ‘espaces naturels’ en Angleterre: après le front écologique, l’occupation ?, L’Espace Politique [En ligne], 9 | 2009-3, mis en ligne le 20 janvier 2010, consulté le 05 juillet 2019, URL: http://journals.openedition.org/espacepolitique/1478; DOI: 10.4000/espacepolitique.1478 Google Scholar Search this bibliographic reference on Google Scholar
- Richard, F., 2017, La gentrification rurale, de l’observation du fait géographique à la circulation du concept, Habilitation à Diriger des Recherches, Université de Limoges. Google Scholar Search this bibliographic reference on Google Scholar
- Richard, F., J. Dellier et G. Tommasi, 2014, Migration, environnement et gentrification rurale en Montagne limousine, Journal of Alpine Research| Revue de géographie alpine, 102, 3.Google Scholar Search this bibliographic reference on Google Scholar
- Richard, F., G. Tommasi et G. Saumon, 2017, Le capital environnemental, nouvelle clé d’interprétation de la gentrification rurale ?. Norois, 2, pp. 89-110.Google Scholar Search this bibliographic reference on Google Scholar
- Rotherham, I.D., 2013, Cultural Severance and the end of tradition, In Rotherham, I.D (eds), Cultural Severance and the Environment: the ending of traditional and customary practise on commons and landscapes managed in common, London, Springer, pp. 11-30.Google Scholar Search this bibliographic reference on Google Scholar
- Sandom, C.J. et D.W. Macdonald, 2015, What next? Rewilding as a radical future for the British countryside, In Macdonald, D.W. and Feber, R.E. (Eds), Wildlife conservation on farmland, Vol.1: managing for nature on lowland farms, Oxford, Oxford University Press, pp. 291-316. Google Scholar Search this bibliographic reference on Google Scholar
- Sandom, C.J., J. Hughes et D.W. Macdonald, 2013, Rewilding the Scottish Highlands: do wild boar, Sus scrofa, use a suitable foraging strategy to be effective ecosystem engineers ?, Restauration Ecology, 21, pp. 336-343. Google Scholar Search this bibliographic reference on Google Scholar
- Sandom, C. et S. Wynne-Jones, 2019, Rewilding a country: Britain as a study case, In N. Pettorelli, S. Durant, J. Du Toit (Eds.), Rewilding, Cambridge, Cambridge University Press, pp. 222-247. doi:10.1017/9781108560962.012 Google Scholar Search this bibliographic reference on Google Scholar
- Schlosberg, D., 2017, La gestion environnementale à l’heure de l’Anthropocène, La Pensée écologique, 1, 1, doi:10.3917/lpe.001.0122.Google Scholar Search this bibliographic reference on Google Scholar
- Short, J., 1991, Imagined country: Society, culture and environment, Syracuse University Press, Syracuse, 253 p.Google Scholar Search this bibliographic reference on Google Scholar
- Short, C, 2000, Common land and ELMS: a need for policy innovation in England and Wales, Land Use Policy, 17, pp. 121-133. Google Scholar Search this bibliographic reference on Google Scholar
- Short, C., 2008, The traditional commons of England and Wales in the twenty-first century: meeting new and old challenges, International Journal of the Commons, 2, 2, pp. 192-221.Google Scholar Search this bibliographic reference on Google Scholar
- Smith, D. P., 1998, The revitalisation of the Hebden Bridge District: greentrified Pennine rurality, PhD Thesis, University of Leeds, 348 p.Google Scholar Search this bibliographic reference on Google Scholar
- Smith, D. P. et D. A. Phillips, 2001, Socio-cultural representations of greentrified Pennine rurality, Journal of rural studies, 17(4), pp. 457-469.Google Scholar Search this bibliographic reference on Google Scholar
- Smith, D., M. Phillips et C. Kinton, 2018, Wilderness gentrification: moving ‘off-the-beaten, in Lees, L, Phillips, M (eds), Handbook of Gentrification Studies, Cheltenham, Edward Elgar, pp. 363-389. Google Scholar Search this bibliographic reference on Google Scholar
- Smith, N., 1979, Toward a theory of gentrification a back to the city movement by capital, not people. Journal of the American planning association, 45, 4, pp. 538-548.Google Scholar Search this bibliographic reference on Google Scholar
- Taylor, P., 2005, Beyond conservation: A wildland strategy, Routledge, London, 296 p. Google Scholar Search this bibliographic reference on Google Scholar
- Taylor, P., 2011, Rewilding: ECOS writing on wildland and conservation values, Banc & Ethos, Somerset, 491 p.Google Scholar Search this bibliographic reference on Google Scholar
- Thomas, K., 1983, Man and the Natural World: Changing Attitudes in England 1500-1800, Oxford University Press, Oxford, 332 p. Google Scholar Search this bibliographic reference on Google Scholar
- Thompson, N. et G. Garrod, 2016, Sustainable development in England's national parks, In Hammer T., Moose, I., Parks of the Future: Protected Areas in Europe Challenging Regional and Global Change, pp. 149-159.Google Scholar Search this bibliographic reference on Google Scholar
- Thrift, N., 2004, Intensities of Feeling: Towards a Spatial Politics of Affect, Geografiska Annaler, 86/B/1, pp. 57-78. Google Scholar Search this bibliographic reference on Google Scholar
- Warren, C.R, 2009, Wilderness, In Kitchen, R., Thrift, N (eds.), International Encyclopedia of Human Geography, 12, Elsevier, Oxford, pp. 254-259. Google Scholar Search this bibliographic reference on Google Scholar
- Ward, V., M. Fisher et S. Carver, 2006, Re-wilding projects in the UK- the database, ECOS- British Association of Nature Conservationnists, 27, 5. Google Scholar Search this bibliographic reference on Google Scholar
- Woodward, R., 2014, Military landscapes: Agendas and approaches for future research, Progress in Human Geography, 38, 1, pp. 40-61.Google Scholar Search this bibliographic reference on Google Scholar
- Yorke, R., 2016, Rewilding in the UK- hiddens meanings, real emotions, ECOS, 37, pp. 53-59.Google Scholar Search this bibliographic reference on Google Scholar

