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8062.More information
Barge carriers are the most recent and the most stophistical ships designed for maritime transportation of unit cargo ; their barges are taken on board by the float on - float off technic. Theorically, these ships may be operated outside seaports ; their barges reach the hinterland without breaking in the cargo flow. However, only 28 ships are in use and very few are on order. The analysis of the twin ports Rotterdam-Antwerp has showed some modifications in the traffic distribution arising from the introduction of this technic. The first lines were operated between highly developped countries, but the interest of the owners goes now to the developping countries, mainly in the Eastern, confronted with port congestion problems. Finally, they observe a redistribution of traffics and a worldwide extension of the technic.
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8065.More information
Rob Iliffe. What Newton knew without having to go out : Maupertuis and the shape of the Earth in the 1730's. The expeditions organised by the Academy in Peru and Lapland were designed to provide a better measure of the meridian than that of the Cassinis, showing that the Earth was an oblate spheroid and not a prolate one. The Lapland expedition lead by Maupertuis (who had established fruitful contacts with Bernouilli and Celsius) was carefully prepared : the groundwork had to be made in difficult conditions, new instruments had to be built in London. Moreover, the experience was based upon principles put forward by foreign and protestant scholars such as Newton and Huyghens, and was due to collide with those of the cartographers of the King of France, such as the Cassinis ; it was also a professional challenge by the astronomers of the efficiency and reliability of the cartographers. Opposition from Cassini led Maupertuis to devise a sophisticated strategy for the diffusion of his results, which were far from being above criticism, and ensure them an acceptable scientific status, especially by establishing links with the practices of other disciplines and in exploiting to the full Newton's autorithy ; in the end, Maupertuis was even nicknamed « Sir Isac ».
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8068.
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8069.
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