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8113.More information
Barbieri (Magali), Allman (James), Pham Bich San, Nguyen Minh Thang . - Demographic Trends in Vietnam The population of Vietnam was estimated at about 13 million at the beginning of the century. By 1955 it had doubled to 27 million, and it doubled again during the following 25 years to reach 53 million in 1980, following the mortality decline since the turn of the century - accomplished, despite a long period of deadly wars which, with consistently high birth rates (over 40 per 1000) - resulted in an accelerated rate of growth. The extraordinary population density in some areas (more than 1000 per sq. km. in certain rural areas of the Red River delta) led to concern by the Vietnamese government, which adopted a series of measures designed to encourage Vietnamese women to limit their fertility. This policy was reinforced and extended to the entire country after reunification. Combined with a gradual change in attitudes, it reduced total fertility by more than one-third in less than one generation: from more than six to fewer than four children per woman between the early 1970s and the late 1980s. This period coincided with an outflow of population, as more than two million fled from the communist regime, especially between 1978 and 1981. This trend continues to affect the age and sex distribution of the population, but recent projections suggest that the shape of the population pyramid will gradually revert to normal.
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8114.More information
The nummi struck in the Alexandrian mint at the end of the first Tetrarchy obviously break the uniformity of the Tetrarchic coinage while using new reverse legends : HERCVLI -VICTORI for Maximian Hercules Augustus and Constantius Chlorus Caesar, IOVI CO-NS CAES for Diocletian Augustus and Maximian Galerius Caesar. This aes coinage continued to be struck during the second and the third Tetrarchies, also using new types of reverse, with a restored gold coinage and a short reappearance of silver coinage. This constitutes a specific iconographic program for the time which is certainly to be linked in particular to the political, economic and religious background of the city of Alexandria at the beginning of the 4th Century. Considered as a whole, this coinage is far more diverse and complex than it is usually thought.
Keywords: Aurei, Hercules, Jupiter, Concordia, Alexandria, neo-antoniniani, nummi, argentei, Hercule, Aurei, argentei, nummi, neo-antoniniani, Alexandrie, Concorde, Jupiter
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8115.More information
This article examines the "Non-Han cinema Project" launched in 2013 by the State Commission of Minzu Affairs. The aim of this article is to understand how filmmakers involved in the project are able to carve out a space for expressing an autonomous vision of Non-Han societies in contemporary China despite political and economic constraints. This paper first looks into the Non-Han Film Project in detail to assess the multiple challenges and various stakeholders involved in the Project that complicate the centralisation of Non-Han cinema. The paper then discusses female director Yang Rui's short film on the Wa of Yunnan, produced in cooperation with the Head of the Project. The analysis shows that the short film, though fulfilling some commercial and political purposes, implicitly challenges orthodox official representations of Non-Han culture and resists the attempts of the Chinese state to turn the Wa culture into Chinese national symbols.
Keywords: Identity, Cinema, Non-Han Film Project, Minorities, Yunnan, Wa, Representations
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8116.More information
The Community College and the politics of inequality.The American two year "junior" or "community" college, which originated at the turn of the century as a liberal-arts institution oriented to transfer to four-year colleges, has in the past two decades become transformed into a predominantly terminal vocational institution. Rejecting both "consumer-choice" and "business-domination" models of the sources of this transformation, the authors propose an "institutional model" which emphasizes that organizations can take on a logic of their own and pursue their own distinctive interests. Within this framework, community colleges are seen as operating within a specific organizational field which shapes and constrains patterns of institutional development. Within these constraints, the ideologies and interests of educators and administrators are seen as crucial factors in shaping the strategy of vocationalization as a means of insuring a stable market niche within the complex organizational ecology of American higher education. This strategy, which was realized in the context of the objective downturn in the labor market prospects of college graduates which oc- curred in the 1970s, acknowledged the structural power of the state and especially big business. The vocationalization of the community college is thus cited as an example of anticipatory subordination, the tendency of dependent institutions to channel their development along lines compatible with the perceived preferences of more powerful institutions.This article concludes with a discussion of the implications of this transformation for the democratic ideals which are the source of much of the popular support for the community college. Further vocationalization, it is suggested, will have negative effects of the mobility chances of the large number of minority and working-class students who attend two-year institutions. Instead, transfer programs should be strengthened and the role that institutions of higher education, including community colleges, play in the process of educational and social selection should be rendered more transparent. Buffeted throughout its history by the contradictory pressures of capitalism and democracy, the community college is -and will remain- an arena of conflicting forces.
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8118.
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8120.