Résumés
Abstract
Wild berries have long been integral to Newfoundlanders’ and Labradorians’ food stores. Berry picking remains an important late summer and early fall activity, combining traditional, geographical knowledge with material culture, foodways and custom. Berries may also be Newfoundland and Labrador’s most successful culinary tourism product to date, combining attributes of health, wilderness and resourcefulness. Whereas ethical and moral uncertainty or conviction precludes many tourists from trying seal products, and health concerns prevent the enjoyment of regional favorites such as fish and chips, berries offer visitors a window into local culture beyond reproach. Reifying the text and images of national and provincial tourist literature emphasizing the area’s “outdoor nature product,” the berries serve as an iconic image of a resourceful people intimately connected to a bountiful, welcoming wilderness.
Résumé
Les baies sauvages constituent depuis longtemps une base alimentaire à Terre-Neuve et au Labrador. La cueillette des baies reste une activité importante de la fin de l’été et du début de l’automne, car elle associe une connaissance géographique traditionnelle à la culture matérielle, aux modes d’alimentation et aux coutumes. Il se peut qu’à présent les baies soient aussi le produit alimentaire de Terre-Neuve et du Labrador qui obtienne le plus de succès auprès des touristes, car elles combinent des attributs de santé, de nature sauvage et de sources de bienfaits. Tandis que des incertitudes ou des convictions éthiques et morales préviennent beaucoup de touristes contre les produits à base de phoque, et que des préoccupations de santé les empêchent d’apprécier les plats régionaux comme le fish and chips, les baies permettent aux visiteurs de s’ouvrir à la culture locale en restant irréprochables. En réifiant le texte et les images de la littérature touristique nationale et provinciale qui met l’accent sur les « produits naturels de plein air » de la région, les baies deviennent l’icône d’un peuple plein de ressources, intimement lié à un environnement sauvage à l’abondance accueillante.
Parties annexes
References
- Bessière, Jacinthe. 1998. “Local Development and Heritage: Traditional Food and Cuisine as Tourist Attractions in Rural Areas.” Sociologia Ruralis 38 (1): 21-34.
- ———. 2001. “The Role of Rural Gastronomy in Tourism.” Rural Tourism and Recreation: Principles to Practice: 115-118. Auchincruive, Ayr: CABI Publishing.
- Biro, Ilona. 2002. “Unearthing the Rock.” TheGlobe and Mail, January 9: R12+.
- Canadian Tourism Commission. 2004. “Cuisine in Newfoundland and Labrador.” Cuisine and Wine. Travel to Canada - Canadian Tourism Commission. http://www.travelcanada.ca/, retrieved April 15, 2004.
- Casselman, Bill. 1998. Canadian Food Words. Toronto: McArthur & Co.
- Coady, Howard. 2002. “Vacation in Newfoundland, 2002.” Web address withheld at request of interviewee, retrieved January 21, 2003.
- Corbold, Marilyn and Shirley Wilson. 2003. Response to “Food and Travel Survey.” September 19.
- Costantino, Maureen. 2003. “The Viking Trail, Newfoundland.” Trip to Newfoundland and Labrador, Canada. September 2001. http://www.innovativewords.com/trips/ newfoundland/vikingtrail.htm, retrieved 18 January 18, 2003.
- Cox, Helen. 2004. Response to “Food and Travel Survey.” July 28.
- Crang, Philip. 1997. “Performing the Tourist Product.” In Chris Rojek and John Urry eds., Touring Cultures: Transformations of Travel and Theory: 137-154. London: Routledge.
- Crawforth, Deane. 2001. “Deane and Norm’s Motorcycle Trip to Labrador.” Welcome to Deane & Norm’s Motorcycle Touring Website. Retrieved January 19, 2003. http://www.deanemototrip. nstemp.com/Labrador/ labrador.htm
- Curtis, Wayne. 2000. Frommer’s Nova Scotia, New Brunswick & Prince Edward Island with Newfoundland and Labrador. New York: IDG Books Worldwide, Inc.
- Dark Tickle Company. 2004. Promotional brochure.
- Dave. 1999. “July 10: L’Anse Amour, Labrador.” The 751. http://www.the751.tri-pixel.com/1999/990710.html, retrieved March 24, 2004.
- Davidson, Alan. 1999. The Oxford Companion to Food. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
- Davis, Rita. 2003. Telephone interview by author. January 20.
- Dégh, Linda. 2001. Legend and Belief: Dialectics of a Folklore Genre. Bloomington: Indiana University Press.
- Deyo, Cathy. 2003. Interview by H. Everett. St. John’s, September 3.
- Dooley, Danette. 2002. “Known for His Hospitality: Roger Jamieson Satisfied With Term as HNL [Hospitality Newfoundland and Labrador] President.” The Express, February 6-12: 21.
- “Eastern Canada Tour, July-August 2003.” Carney Aviation, Inc., Squadron One Flying Club. http://www.carneyaviation.com/ecan03, retrieved February 17, 2003.
- Everett, Holly. 2005. Class Acts: Culinary Tourism in Newfoundland and Labrador. Unpublished thesis, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John’s.
- Faris, James C. 1989 [1979]. Cat Harbour: A Newfoundland Fishing Settlement. St. John’s: ISER.
- Ferguson, Will. 2004. Beauty Tips from Moose Jaw: Travels in Search of Canada. Toronto: Alfred A. Knopf Canada.
- Fodor’s. 2004. Atlantic Canada. New York: Fodor’s Travel Publications.
- Funk, Elizabeth. 2002. “Visiting Newfoundland.” Global Trekkers. http://www.globaltrekkers.com/writers/newfoundland.html, retrieved January 21, 2003.
- Gill, Debbie. 2003. Response to “Food and Travel Survey.” August 8.
- Genrup, Kurt. 1998. “The Revitalisation of Traditional Fare in a Northern Swedish Mountain District.” In Patricia Lysaght ed., Food and the Traveller: Migration, Immigration, Tourism and Ethnic Food: 155-59. Proceedings of the Eleventh Conference of the International Commission for Ethnological Food Research, Cyprus, June 8-14, 1996. Nicosia, Cyprus: Intercollege Press.
- Gray, Pamela. 1977. Traditional Newfoundland Foodways: Origin, Adaptation and Change. Unpublished thesis, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John’s.
- Harris, J. 2003. Response to “Food and Travel Survey.”
- Haruna, Zainab. 2001. “The Things They Do at the Brigus Blueberry Festival: Dimensions of a Newfoundland Tradition.” Folklore Studies Association of Canada 2001 Annual Meeting. Université Laval, Québec City, 28 May.
- Hendrickson, Paul A. 1998. “The Wild Lingonberry (Vaccinium Vitis-Idaea L. Var. Minus Lodd) Industry in North America.” Agrifoods. Government of Newfoundland and Labrador. http://www.gov.nf.ca/agric/crops/Lin001.htm, retrieved March 24, 2004.
- Hilchey, Florence M. 1967. A Treasury of Nova Scotia Heirloom Recipes. Halifax: Nova Scotia Department of Agriculture and Marketing.
- Horan, Catherine F. 1991a. “Bakeapples.” In Joseph R. Smallwood ed., Encyclopedia of Newfoundland and Labrador, vol. 1: 116-117. St. John’s: Newfoundland Book Publishers, Ltd.
- ———. 1991b. “Blueberries.” In Joseph R. Smallwood ed., Encyclopedia of Newfoundland and Labrador, vol. 1: 209-211. St. John’s: Newfoundland Book Publishers, Ltd.
- Hostelcanada.com. 1999-2004. “Eating Out.” Canada Guide. Hostelworld.com. Retrieved Jan. 19, 2004. http://www.hostelcanada. com/countryinfo/eating.php?PHPSESSID=q01m601gg64e5 evp9su232rxx6af8xm5
- Jesperson, Ivan, ed. 1974. Fat-Back and Molasses: A Collection of Favourite Old Recipes from Newfoundland and Labrador, 4th ed. St. John’s: Jesperson Publishing.
- Karr, Paul. 2002. Frommer’s Nova Scotia, New Brunswick and Prince Edward Island, 4th ed. New York: Wiley Publishing, Inc.
- Kloetstra, Marian. 2003. Response to “Food and Travel Survey.” August 25.
- Labrador Preserves. c2004. Homepage. http://www.preserves.nf.ca, retrieved April 3, 2004.
- Leslie, Tom. 2003. “Tuesday, August 5, 2003.” tomleslie.ca, personal website for Tom Leslie. http://tomleslie.ca/archive/2003_ 08_01_ archive.html, retrieved April 18, 2004.
- Löfgren, Orvar. 2001. “Know Your Country: A Comparative Perspective on Tourism and Nation Building in Sweden.” In Shelley Baranowski and Ellen Furlough eds., Being Elsewhere: Tourism, Consumer Culture, and Identity in Modern Europe and North America: 137-154. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press.
- Long, Lucy, ed. 2003. Culinary Tourism. Lexington: University Press of Kentucky.
- Maple Leaf Mills. 1983. A Treasury of Newfoundland Dishes. 9th ed. St. John’s, NL: Maple Leaf Mills.
- Mason, John. 1999. A Briefe Discourse of the New-found-land (1620). Ed. Hans Rollman. Printed Heritage of Newfoundland and Labrador 16the and 17th Centuries. Religion, Society and Culture in Newfoundland and Labrador. http://www.mun.ca/rels/hrollmann/relsoc/texts/mason.html, retrieved April 16, 2004.
- McKay, Ian. 1994. The Quest of the Folk: Antimodernism and Cultural Selection in Twentieth-Century Nova Scotia. Montréal: McGill-Queen’s University Press.
- Meigs, Anna. 1997. “Food as Cultural Construction.” In Carole Counihan and Penny Van Esterik eds., Food and Culture: A Reader: 95-106. London: Routledge.
- M.R., Lynda. 2003. “Joe and Lynda’s Newfoundland Trip, July 2000.” Joe & Lynda’s Travels. http://home. earthlink.net/%7Epudgies2/Travel/Nfld2000/Nfld-2000.html, retrieved 12 October 12, 2003.
- Mrs. T. 2000. “Newfoundland Journal.” Mrs. T’s web home. http://www.geocities.com/ka3kcj/nfld4.html, retrieved April 18, 2004.
- Murray, Hilda Chaulk. 2002. Cows Don’t Know It’s Sunday: Agricultural Life in St. John’s. St. John’s: ISER.
- Murray, Jean M. 1968. The Newfoundland Journal of Aaron Thomas. Don Mills, ON: Longmans Canada Ltd.
- Newfoundland and Labrador. Dept. of Industry, Trade and Rural Development. 2002. The Ambassador. August-September, no 1.
- Narváez, Peter. 1991. “Newfoundland Berry Pickers ‘In the Fairies’: Maintaining Spatial, Temporal, and Moral Boundaries Through Legendry.” In Peter Narváez ed., The Good People: New Fairylore Essays: 336-67. Lexington: University Press of Kentucky.
- O’Brien, Andrea. 1999. “There’s Nothing Like a Cup of Tea in the Woods.” Ethnologies 21(1): 65-83.
- Omohundro, John T. 1994. Rough Food: The Seasons of Subsistence in Northern Newfoundland. St. John’s: ISER.
- Overton, James. 1996. Making a World of Difference: Essays on Tourism, Culture and Development in Newfoundland. St. John’s: ISER.
- Phinney, Sandra. 2004. “Hidden Harvests.” Atlantic Business 15(1): 34-37.
- Picard, André. 2003. “Diabetes in Canada Could Skyrocket.” TheGlobe and Mail, October 18: A1.
- Pocius, Gerald L. 1991. A Place to Belong: Community Order and Everyday Space in Calvert, Newfoundland. Athens, GA: University of Georgia Press.
- Proulx, E. Annie. 1993. The Shipping News. New York: Simon & Schuster Inc.
- Raymond, Don. 2003. Response to “Food and Travel Survey.” August 5.
- Research Resolutions and Consulting, Ltd. 2003. Canadian Wine & Culinary Enthusiasts. Canadian Tourism Commission.
- Riche, Edward. 1997. Rare Birds. Toronto: Doubleday Canada Ltd.
- Rodrigues Winery. c2004. Promotional brochure.
- Story, G.M., W.J. Kirwin and J.D.A. Widdowson. 1982. Dictionary of Newfoundland English. Toronto: University of Toronto Press.
- Terrio, Susan J. 1996. “Crafting Grand Cru Chocolates in Contemporary France.” American Anthropologist 98(1): 67-79.
- ———. 2000. Crafting the Culture and History of French Chocolate. Los Angeles: University of California Press.
- Them Days. 2000. Caribou Cakes: Reflections and Recipes of Labrador Food. Happy Valley-Goose Bay, NL: Them Days.
- Titon, Jeff Todd. 2003. “Text.” In Burt Feintuch ed., Eight Words for the Study of Expressive Culture: 69-98. Chicago: University of Illinois Press.
- Tvor. 2000. “Newfoundland, 1997.” Tvor’s Travel Page. The Voice of Reason. http://www.accesswave.ca/~tvor/newfoundland97.htm, Retrieved October 15, 2003.
- Ulicki, Christine. 2001. Newfoundland. http://members.shaw.ca/christine.ulicki/nfld/nfld19.htm, retrieved Jan. 21, 2003.
- Underhill, Cole and Nancy. 2003. Response to “Food and Travel Survey.” August 29.
- Urry, John. 1990. The Tourist Gaze: Leisure and Travel in Contemporary Societies. London: Sage.
- Webb, John. 2003. Response to “Food and Travel Survey.” August 11.
- Whitbourne, Richard. 1971 [1620]. A Discourse and Discovery of New-Found-Land. New York: De Capo Press.