Résumés
Résumé
Les adolescents délinquants ou présentant des troubles de la conduite constituent une population particulièrement à risque de tentatives et de menaces suicidaires, tout comme de suicides complétés. Ils représentent une population qui n’est cependant que peu étudiée au regard du risque suicidaire. Dans cet article, une recension des écrits permet dans un premier temps l’examen des liens entre la délinquance et le suicide et de saisir l’importance de la problématique. Puis, il y est question des facteurs de risque spécifiques aux jeunes délinquants. Finalement, des pistes de réflexion pour améliorer l’intervention et des propositions pour des recherches futures auprès de cette clientèle à risque sont proposées.
Mots clés:
- suicide,
- délinquance,
- facteurs de risque,
- jeunes contrevenants,
- comportements suicidaires
Abstract
Delinquent adolescents are at high risk of suicide and suicidal behaviour. This population is nevertheless not studied a lot with regard to the suicidal risk. In this article, we present a review of literature concerning risk of suicide and risk of delinquency. After, we examine the risk factors that are specific to young offenders’ population. Finally, we discuss the intervention strategies and further researches needed in this domain.
Keywords:
- suicide,
- delinquency,
- risk factors,
- juvenile offenders,
- suicidal behaviour
Parties annexes
Bibliographie
- ABRAM, K.M., J.Y. CHOE, J.J. WASHBURN, L.A. TEPLIN, D.C. KING et M.K. DULCAN (2008). « Suicidal ideation and behaviors among youths in juvenile detention », Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, vol. 47, no 3, p. 291-300.
- ALESSI, N.E., M. MCMANUS, A. BRICKMAN et L. GRAPENTINE (1984). « Suicidal behavior among serious juvenile offenders », American Journal of Psychiatry, vol. 141, no 2, p. 286-287.
- ALLTUCKER, K.W., M. BULLIS, D. CLOSE et P. YOVANOFF (2006). « Different pathways to juvenile delinquency : Characteristics of early and late starters in a sample of previously incarcerated youth », Journal of Child and Family Studies, vol. 15, no 4, p. 479-492.
- APTER, A., A. BLEICH, R. PLUTCHIK, S. MENDELSOHN et al. (1988). « Suicidal behavior, depression, and conduct disorder in hospitalized adolescents », Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, vol. 27, no 6, p. 696-699.
- APTER, A., D. GOTHELF, I. ORBACH, R. WEIZMAN et al. (1995). « Correlation of suicidal and violent behavior in different diagnostic categories in hospitalized adolescent patients », Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, vol. 34, no 7, p. 912-918.
- APTER, A., R. PLUTCHIK, S. SEVY, M.L. KORN et al. (1989). « Defense mechanisms in risk of suicide and risk of violence », American Journal of Psychiatry, vol. 146, no 8, p. 1027-1031.
- APTER, A., R. PLUTCHIK et H.M. VAN PRAAG (1993). « Anxiety, impulsivity and depressed mood in relation to suicidal and violent behavior », Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica, vol. 87, no 1, p. 1-5.
- BATTLE, A.O., M.V. BATTLE et E.A. TOLLEY (1993). « Potential for suicide and aggression in delinquents at Juvenile Court in a southern city », Suicide and Life-Threatening Behavior, vol. 23, no 3, p. 230-244.
- BEAUTRAIS, A.L. (2000). « Risk factors for suicide and attempted suicide among young people », Australian and New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry, vol. 34, no 3, p. 420-436.
- BEAUTRAIS, A.L. (2001). « Child and young adolescent suicide in New Zealand », Australian and New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry, vol. 35, no 5, p. 647-653.
- BEAUTRAIS, A.L. (2002). « Gender issues in youth suicidal behaviour », Emergency Medicine, no 14, p. 35-42.
- BEAUTRAIS, A.L. (2003a). « Life course factors associated with suicidal behaviors in young people », American Behavioral Scientist. Special Issue : Suicide in Youth, vol. 46, no 9, p. 1137-1156.
- BEAUTRAIS, A.L. (2003b). « Suicide and serious suicide attempts in youth : A multiple-group comparison study », American Journal of Psychiatry, vol. 160, no 6, p. 1093-1099.
- BEAUTRAIS, A.L., P.R. JOYCE et R.T. MULDER (1996). « Risk factors for serious suicide attempts among youths aged 13 through 24 years », Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, vol. 35, no 9, p. 1174-1182.
- BEAUTRAIS, A.L., P.R. JOYCE et R.T. MULDER (1999). « Personality traits and cognitive styles as risk factors for serious suicide attempts among young people », Suicide and Life-Threatening Behavior, vol. 29, no 1, p. 37-47.
- BLOS, P. (1967). « The second individuation process of adolescence », Psychoanalytic Study of the Child, no 22, p. 162-186.
- BRENT, D.A., M. BAUGHER, J. BRIDGE, T. CHEN et L. CHIAPPETTA (1999). « Age- and sex-related risk factors for adolescent suicide », Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, vol. 38, no 12, p. 1497-1505.
- BRENT, D.A., J. BRIDGE, B.A. JOHNSON et J. CONNOLLY (1996). « Suicidal behavior runs in families : A controlled family study of adolescent suicide victims », Archives of General Psychiatry, vol. 53, no 12, p. 1145-1152.
- BRENT, D.A. et J.A. BRIDGE (2007). « Delinquent accounts : Does delinquency account for suicidal behavior ? », Journal of Adolescent Health, vol. 40, no 3, p. 204-205.
- BRENT, D.A., J.A. PERPER, G. MORITZ, C. ALLMAN et al. (1993). « Psychiatric risk factors for adolescent suicide : A case-control study », Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, vol. 32, no 3, p. 521-529.
- BRENT, D.A., J.A.P ERPER, G. MORITZ, L. LIOTUS et al. (1994). « Familial risk factors for adolescent suicide : A case-control study », Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica, vol. 89, no 1, p. 52-58.
- BRETON, J.J., G. LÉGARÉ, J. LAVERDURE et Y. D’AMOURS (2002). Santé mentale, Gouvernement du Québec.
- BUTLER, S., P. FEARON, L. ATKINSON et K. PARKER (2007). « Testing an interactive model of symptom severity in conduct disordered youth : Family relationships, antisocial cognitions, and social-contextual risk », Criminal Justice and Behavior, vol. 34, no 6, p. 721-738.
- CHAGNON, F. (2000). Les événements stressants, les mécanismes d’adaptation et le suicide chez les adolescents admis en centres de réadaptation, Montréal, Université du Québec à Montréal, UQAM 206.
- CHAGNON, F., J. HOULE, I. MARCOUX et J. RENAUD (2007). « Control-group study of an intervention training program for youth suicide prevention », Suicide and Life-Threatening Behavior, vol. 37, no 2, p. 135-144.
- CHAGNON, F., J. RENAUD et L. FARAND (2001). « Suicide et délinquance juvénile : phénomènes distincts ou manifestations d’une même problématique ? », Criminologie, vol. 34, no 2, p. 85-102.
- CHAPMAN, J.F. et J.D. FORD (2008). « Relationships between suicide risk, traumatic experiences, and substance use among juvenile detainees », Archives of Suicide Research, no 12, p. 50-61.
- CHOWANEC, G.D., A.M. JOSEPHSON, C. COLEMAN et H. DAVIS (1991). « Self-harming behavior in incarcerated male delinquent adolescents », Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, vol. 30, no 2, p. 202-207.
- CHRISTOFFERSEN, M.N., K. SOOTHILL et B. FRANCIS (2007). « Violent life events and social disadvantage : A systematic study of the social background of various kinds of lethal violence, other violent crime, suicide, and suicide attempts », Journal of Scandinavian Studies in Criminology and Crime Prevention, vol. 8, no 2, p. 157-184.
- CLEARY, S.D. (2000). « Adolescent victimization and associated suicidal and violent behaviors », Adolescence, vol. 35, no 140, p. 671-682.
- CONNER, K.R., S. MELDRUM, W.F. WIEC-ZOREK, P.R. DUBERSTEIN et J.W. WELTE (2004). « The association of irritability and impulsivity with suicidal ideation among 15- to 20-year-old males », Suicide and Life-Threatening Behavior, vol. 34, no 4, p. 363-373.
- CONNOR, J.J. et M. A. RUETER (2006). « Parent-child relationships as systems of support or risk for adolescent suicidality », Journal of Family Psychology, vol. 20, no 1, p. 143-155.
- CROSNOE, R., K.G. ERICKSON et S.M. DORNBUSCH (2002). « Protective functions of family relationships and school factors on the deviant behavior of adolescent boys and girls : Reducing the impact of risky friendships », Youth et Society, vol. 33, no 4, p. 515-544.
- DAIGLE, M.S. et G. CÔTÉ (2006). « Non-fatal suicide-related behavior among inmates : Testing for gender and type differences », Suicide and Life-Threatening Behavior, vol. 36, no 6, p. 670-681.
- DAVIS, D.L., G.J. BEAN, J.E. SCHU- MACHER et T.L. STRINGER (1991). « Prevalence of emotional disorders in a juvenile justice institutional population », American Journal of Forensic Psychology, vol. 9, no 1, p. 5-17.
- DEMATTEO, D. et G. MARCZYK (2005). « Risk factors, protective factors, and the prevention of antisocial behavior among juveniles », dans K. Heilbrun, N.E.S. Goldstein et R.E. Redding (dir.), Juvenile Delinquency : Prevention, Assessment, and Intervention, New York, Oxford University Press, vol. XIV, p. 19-44.
- DEMBO, R., L. WILLIAMS, E.D. WISH, E. BERRY, A. GETREU, M. WASHBURN et al. (1990). « Examination of the relationships among drug use, emotional/psychological problems, and crime among youths entering a juvenile detention center », The International Journal of Addictions, vol. 25, no 11, p. 1301-1340.
- Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (1994). 4e éd., Washington (DC), American Psychiatric Publishing, p. 886.
- DOMALANTA, D.D., W.L. RISSER, R.E. ROBERTS et J.M.H. RISSER (2003). « Prevalence of depression and other psychiatric disorders among incarcerated youths », Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, vol. 42, no 4, p. 477-484.
- DUBE, S.R., R.F. ANDA, V.J. FELITTI, D.P. CHAPMAN, D.F. WILLIAMSON et W.H. GILES (2001). « Childhood abuse, household dysfunction, and the risk of attempted suicide throughout the life span : Findings from the adverse childhood experiences study », Journal of the American Medical Association, vol. 286, no 24, p. 3089-3096.
- ESPOSITO, C.L. et G.A. CLUM (2002). « Psychiatric symptoms and their relationship to suicidal ideation in a high-risk adolescent community sample », Journal of the American Academy of Child et Adolescent Psychiatry, vol. 41, no 1, p. 44-51.
- EVANS, W.P., R.M. MARTE, S. BETTS et B. SILLIMAN (2001). « Adolescent suicide risk and peer-related violent behaviors and victimization », Journal of Interpersonal Violence, vol. 16, no 12, p. 1330-1348.
- FARAND, L., F. CHAGNON, J. RENAUD, et M. RIVARD (2004). « Completed suicides among Quebec adolescents involved with juvenile justice and child welfare services », Suicide and Life-Threatening Behavior, vol. 34, no 1, p. 24-35.
- FARRINGTON, D.P. (1994). The Twelfth Jack Tizard Memorial Lecture. The Development of Offending and Antisocial Behaviour from Childhood : Key Findings from the Cambridge Study in Delinquent Development, texte présenté lors de la 11e Conférence européenne de la ACPP.
- FERGUSSON, D.M., A.L. BEAUTRAIS et L.J. HORWOOD (2003). « Vulnerability and resiliency to suicidal behaviours in young people », Psychological Medicine, vol. 33, no 1, p. 61-73.
- FERGUSSON, D.M., L.J. HORWOOD, E.M. RIDDER et A.L. BEAUTRAIS (2005). « Suicidal behaviour in adolescence and subsequent mental health outcomes in young adulthood », Psychological Medicine, vol. 35, no 7, p. 983-993.
- FLOURI, E. (2005). « Psychological and sociological aspects of parenting and their relation to suicidal behavior », Archives of Suicide Research, vol. 9, no 4, p. 373-383.
- FLOURI, E. et A. BUCHANAN (2002). « The protective role of parental involvement in adolescent suicide », The Journal of Crisis Intervention and Suicide Prevention, vol. 23, no 1, p. 17-22.
- FOMBONNE, E. (1998). « Suicidal behaviors in vulnerable adolescents : Time trends and their correlates », British Journal of Psychiatry, no 173, p. 154-159.
- FOMBONNE, E., G. WOSTEAR, V. COOPER, R. HARRINGTON et M. RUTTER (2001). « The Maudsley long-term follow-up of child and adolescent depression : 2. Suicidality, criminality and social dysfunction in adulthood », British Journal of Psychiatry, vol. 179, no 3, p. 218-223.
- GALLAGHER, C.A. et A. DOBRIN (2006). « Deaths in juvenile justice residential facilities », Journal of Adolescent Health, vol. 38, no 6, p. 662-668.
- GOLDSTEIN, N.E.S., O. OLUBADEWO, R.E. REDDING et F.J. LEXCEN (2005). « Mental health disorders : The neglected risk factor in juvenile delinquency », dans K. Heilbrun (dir.), Juvenile Delinquency : Prevention, Assessment, and Intervention, New York, Oxford University Press, vol. XIV, p. 85-110.
- GOLDSTEIN, T.R., B. BIRMAHER, D. AXELSON, N.D. RYAN, M. A. STROBER, M.K. GILL et al. (2005). « History of suicide attempts in pediatric bipolar disorder : Factors associated with increased risk », Bipolar Disorders, vol. 7, no 6, p. 525-535.
- HARRIS, T.E. et C.J. LENNINGS (1993). « Suicide and adolescence », International Journal of Offender Therapy and Comparative Criminology, vol. 37, no 3, p. 263-270.
- HART, J.L., S.K. O’TOOLE, J.L. PRICE- SHARPS et T.W. SHAFFER (2007). « The risk and protective factors of violent juvenile offending : An examination of gender differences », Youth Violence and Juvenile Justice, vol. 5, no 4, p. 367-384.
- HAYES, L.M. (2005). « Juvenile suicide in confinement in the United States : Results from a national survey », The Journal of Crisis Intervention and Suicide Prevention, vol. 26, no 3, p. 146-148.
- HILLS, A.L., B.J. COX, L.A. MCWILLIAMS et J. SAREEN (2005). « Suicide attempts and externalizing psychopathology in a nationally representative sample », Comprehensive Psychiatry, vol. 46, no 5, p. 334-339.
- HOGE, R.D., D.A. ANDREWS et A.W. LESCHIED (1992). « Formulaire ministériel d’évaluation des risques et des besoins au moment de la prise en charge : guide et barème de notation par énoncé », texte présenté au Colloque du tribunal de la famille de Londres.
- HOLMES, S.E., J.R. SLAUGHTER et J. KASHANI (2001). « Risk factors in childhood that lead to the development of conduct disorder and antisocial personality disorder », Child Psychiatry et Human Development, vol. 31, no 3, p. 183-193.
- HORESH, N., T. ROLNICK, I. IANCUT, P. DANNON, E. LEPKIFKER, A. APTER et al. (1997). « Anger, impulsivity and suicide risk », Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics, vol. 66, no 2, p. 92-96.
- HOWARD, J., C.J. LENNINGS et J. COPELAND (2003). « Suicidal behavior in a young offender population », The Journal of Crisis Intervention and Suicide Prevention, vol. 24, no 3, p. 98-104.
- HUKKANEN, R., A. SOURANDER et L. BERGROTH (2003). « Suicidal ideation and behavior in children’s homes », Nordic Journal of Psychiatry, vol. 57, no 2, p. 131-137.
- JONSON-REID, M. (2002). « Exploring the relationship between child welfare intervention and juvenile corrections involvement », American Journal of Orthopsychiatry, vol. 72, no 4, p. 559-576.
- KEMPTON, T. et R.L. FOREHAND (1992). « Suicide attempts among juvenile delinquents : The contribution of mental health factors », Behaviour Research and Therapy, vol. 30, no 5, p. 537-541.
- KIDD, S., C.C. HENRICH, K.A. BROOK-MEYER, L. DAVIDSON, R.A. KING et G. SHAHAR (2006). « The social context of adolescent suicide attempts : Interactive effects of parent, peer, and school social relations », Suicide and Life-Threatening Behavior, vol. 36, no 4, p. 386-395.
- KING, R.A., M. SCHWAB-STONE, A.J. FLISHER, S. GREENWALD, R.A. KRAMER, S.H. GOODMAN et al. (2001). « Psychosocial and risk behavior correlates of youth suicide attempts and suicidal ideation », Journal of the American Academy of Child et Adolescent Psychiatry, vol. 40, no 7, p. 837-846.
- KOTILA, L. et J. LÖNNQVIST (1988). « Adolescent suicide attempts : Sex differences predicting suicide », Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica, vol. 77, no 3, p. 264-270.
- KRISBERG, B. et A.M. WOLF (2005). « Juvenile offending », dans K. Heilbrun (dir.), Juvenile Delinquency : Prevention, Assessment, and Intervention, New York, Oxford University Press, vol. XIV, p. 67-84.
- LAHEY, B.B., I.D. WALDMAN et K. MCBURNETT (1999). « The development of antisocial behavior : An integrative causal model », Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, vol. 40, no 5, p. 669-682.
- LANGHINRICHSEN-ROHLING, J., C. ARATA, D. BOWERS, N. O’BRIEN et A. MORGAN (2004). « Suicidal behavior, negative affect, gender, and self-reported delinquency in college students », Suicide and Life-Threatening Behavior, vol. 34, no 3, p. 255-266.
- LAY, B., W. IHLE, G. ESSER et M.H. SCHMIDT, (2005). « Juvenile-episodic, continued or adult-onset delinquency ? », European Journal of Criminology, vol. 2, no 1, p. 39-66.
- MARCOTTE, G.V., D. MARCOTTE et T.R.S. BOUFFARD (2002). « The influence of familial support and dysfunctional attitudes on depression and delinquency in an adolescent population », European Journal of Psychology of Education, vol. 17, no 4, p. 363-376.
- MARTTUNEN, M. et M. PELKONEN (2000). « Psychiatric risk factors for adolescent suicide. A review », Psychiatria Fennica, no 31, p. 110-125.
- MCGARVEY, E.L., L.A. KRYZHANOVS-KAYA, C. KOOPMAN, D. WAITE et R.J. CANTERBURY (1999). « Incarcerated adolescents’ distress and suicidality in relation to parental bonding styles », The Journal of Crisis Intervention and Suicide Prevention, vol. 20, no 4, p. 164-170.
- MCREYNOLDS, L.S., G.A. WASSERMAN, R.E. DECOMO, R. JOHN, J.M. KEATING et S. NOLEN (2008). « Psychiatric disorder in a juvenile assessment center », Crime and Delinquency, vol. 54, no 2, p. 313-334.
- MEMORY, J.M. (1989). « Juvenile suicides in secure detention facilities : Correction of published rates », Death Studies, vol. 13, no 5, p. 455-463.
- MORRIS, R.E., E.A. HARRISON, G.W. KNOX, E. TROMANHAUSER et al. (1995). « Health risk behavioral survey from 39 juvenile correctional facilities in the United States », Journal of Adolescent Health, vol. 17, no 6, p. 334-344.
- NOLEN, S., L.S. MCREYNOLDS, R.E. DECOMO, R. JOHN, J.M. KEATING et G.A. WASSERMAN (2008). « Lifetime suicide attempts in juvenile assessment center youth », Archives of Suicide Research, vol. 12, no 2, p. 111-123.
- OTZENBERGER, J.H. (2003). « Personality characteristics relating to suicide risk of incarcerated adolescent males as measured by the Millon Adolescent Clinical Inventory and the Suicide Probability Scale », Dissertation Abstracts International. Section B : The Sciences and Engineering, vol. 64, no 6-B, p. 2934.
- OVERHOLSER, J.C., D.M. ADAMS, K.L. LEHNERT et D.C. BRINKMAN (1995). « Self-esteem deficits and suicidal tendencies among adolescents », Journal of the American Academy of Child et Adolescent Psychiatry, vol. 34, no 7, p. 919-928.
- PATTERSON, G.R., B.D. DEBARYSHE et E. RAMSEY (1989). « A developmental perspective on antisocial behavior », American Psychologist. Special Issue : Children and Their Development : Knowledge Base, Research Agenda, and Social Policy Application, vol. 44, no 2, p. 329-335.
- PENA, J.B. et E.D. CAINE (2006). « Screening as an approach for adolescent suicide prevention », Suicide and Life-Threatening Behavior, vol. 36, no 6, p. 614-637.
- PENN, J.V., C.L. ESPOSITO, L.E. SCHAEFFER, G.K. FRITZ et A. SPIRITO (2003). « Suicide attempts and self-mutilative behavior in a juvenile correctional facility », Journal of the American Academy of Child et Adolescent Psychiatry, vol. 42, no 7, p. 762-769.
- PERKINS, D.F. et G. HARTLESS (2002). « An ecological risk-factor examination of suicide ideation and behavior of adolescents », Journal of Adolescent Research, vol. 17, no 1, p. 3-26.
- PLUTCHIK, R. (1995). « Outward and inward directed aggressiveness : The interaction between violence and suicidality », Pharmacopsychiatry, vol. 28, suppl. 2, p. 47-57.
- PLUTCHIK, R. (2000). « Aggression, violence, and suicide », dans R. Marris, W.A. Berman, L. et M. Silverman (dir.), Comprehensive Textbook of Suicidology, New York, Guilford Press.
- PLUTCHIK, R., A.J. BOTSIS et H.M. VAN PRAAG (1995). « Psychopathology, self-esteem, sexual and ego functions as correlates of suicide and violence risk », Archives of Suicide Research, vol. 1, no 1, p. 27-38.
- PLUTCHIK, R. et H.M. VAN PRAAG (1990). « Psychosocial correlates of suicide and violence risk », dans H.M. VAN PRAAG, R. PLUTCHIK et A. APTER (dir.), Violence and Suicidality: Perspectives in Clinical and Psychobiological Research, New York, Brumer/Magel, p. 37-65.
- PLUTCHIK, R., H.M. VAN PRAAG et H.R. CONTE (1989). « Correlates of suicide and violence risk : III. A two-stage model of countervailing forces », Psychiatry Research, vol. 28, no 2, p. 215-225.
- PORTZKY, G., K. AUDENAERT, et K. VAN HEERINGEN (2005). « Suicide among adolescents : A psychological autopsy study of psychiatric, psychosocial and personality-related risk factors », Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology, vol. 40, no 11, p. 922-930.
- PRINSTEIN, M.J., J. BOERGERS, A. SPIRITO, T.D. LITTLE et W.L. GRAPENTINE (2000). « Peer functioning, family dysfunction, and psychological symptoms in a risk factor model for adolescent inpatients’ suicidal ideation severity », Journal of Clinical Child Psychology, vol. 29, no 3, p. 392-405.
- PRONOVOST, J. et D. LECLERC (2002). « L’évaluation et le dépistage des adolescent(e)s suicidaires en centres jeunesse. / Evaluation and tracking of suicidal teenagers in Centres jeunesse », Revue de psychoéducation et d’orientation, vol. 31, p. 1, p. 81-100.
- PRONOVOST, J., D. LECLERC, et M. DUMONT (2003). « Facteurs de protection reliés au risque suicidaire chez des adolescents : comparaison de jeunes du milieu scolaire et de jeunes en Centres jeunesse. / Protection factors linked to suicidal risk in adolescents : Comparison of school system teenagers and other teens residing in Youth Centers », Revue québécoise de psychologie, vol. 24, no 1, p. 179-199.
- PSYCHIATRY, A.A.O.C.A.A. (2001). « Practice parameter for the assessment and treatment of children and adolescent with suicidal behavior », Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, vol. 40, suppl. 7, p. 24S-51S.
- PUTNINS, A.L. (2005). « Correlates and predictors of self-reported suicide attempts among incarcerated youths », International Journal of Offender Therapy and Comparative Criminology, vol. 49, no 2, p. 143-157.
- RENAUD, J., M.T. BERLIM, A. MCGIRR, M. TOUSIGNANT et G. TURECKI (2008). « Current psychiatric morbidity, aggression/impulsivity, and personality dimensions in child and adolescent suicide : A case-control study », Journal of Affective Disorders, vol. 105, no 1-3, p. 221-228.
- RENAUD, J., D.A. BRENT, B. BIRMAHER, L. CHIAPPETTA et J. BRIDGE (1999). « Suicide in adolescents with disruptive disorders », Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, vol. 38, no 7, p. 846-851.
- RENAUD, J., F. CHAGNON, G. TURECKI et C. MARQUETTE (2005). « Completed suicides in a youth centres population », The Canadian Journal of Psychiatry / La Revue canadienne de psychiatrie, vol. 50, no 11, p. 690-694.
- ROBERTS, A.R. et K. BENDER (2006). « Juvenile offender suicide : Prevalence, risk factors, assessment, and crisis intervention protocols », International Journal of Emergency Mental Health, vol. 8, no 4, p. 255-266.
- ROHDE, P., D.E. MACE et J.R. SEELEY (1997). « The association of psychiatric disorders with suicide attempts in a juvenile delinquent sample », Criminal Behaviour and Mental Health, vol. 7, no 3, p. 187-200.
- ROHDE, P., J.R. SEELEY et D.E. MACE (1997). « Correlates of suicidal behavior in a juvenile detention population », Suicide and Life-Threatening Behavior, vol. 27, no 2, p. 164-175.
- RUCHKIN, V.V., M. SCHWAB-STONE, R.A. KOPOSOV, R. VERMEIREN et R.A. KING (2003). « Suicidal ideations and attempts in juvenile delinquents », Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, vol. 44, no 7, p. 1058-1066.
- RYAN, J.P. et M.F. TESTA (2005). « Child maltreatment and juvenile delinquency : Investigating the role of placement and placement instability », Children and Youth Services Review, vol. 27, no 3, p. 227-249.
- SANISLOW, C.A., C.M. GRILO, D.C. FEHON, S.R. AXELROD et T.H. MCGLASHAN (2003). « Correlates of suicide risk in juvenile detainees and adolescent inpatients », Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, vol. 42, no 2, p. 234-240.
- SOURANDER, A., L. HELSTELÄ, A. HAAVISTO et L. BERGROTH (2001). « Suicidal thoughts and attempts among adolescents : A longitudinal 8-year follow-up study », Journal of Affective Disorders, vol. 63, no 1-3, p. 59-66.
- SPECKENS, A.E.M. et K. HAWTON (2005). « Social problem solving in adolescents with suicidal behavior : A systematic review », Suicide and Life-Threatening Behavior, vol. 35, no 4, p. 365-387.
- Statistique Canada (2007). « Services communautaires et placement sous garde des jeunes », Le Quotidien.
- ST-LAURENT, D. et C. BOUCHARD (2004). L’épidémiologie du suicide au Québec : que savons-nous de la situation récente ?, Institut national de santé publique du Québec.
- ST-LAURENT, D. et M. GAGNÉ, (2008). Surveillance de la mortalité par suicide au Québec : Ampleur et évolution du problème de 1981 à 2006, Institut national de santé publique du Québec.
- THOMPSON, M.P., C.-H. HO et J.B. KINGREE (2007). « Prospective associations between delinquency and suicidal behaviors in a nationally representative sample », Journal of Adolescent Health, vol. 40, no 3, p. 232-237.
- VERMEIREN, R., M. SCHWAB-STONE, V.V. RUCHKIN, R.A. KING, C. VAN HEERINGEN et D. DEBOUTTE (2003). « Suicidal behavior and violence in male adolescents : A school-based study », Journal of the American Academy of Child et Adolescent Psychiatry, vol. 42, no 1, p. 41-48.
- WASSERMAN, G.A. et L.S. MCREYNOLDS (2006). « Suicide risk at juvenile justice intake », Suicide and Life-Threatening Behavior, vol. 36, no 2, p. 239-249.
- WILSON, K.G., J. STELZER, J.N. BERGMAN, M.J. KRAL et al. (1995). « Problem solving, stress, and coping in adolescent suicide attempts », Suicide and Life-Threatening Behavior, vol. 25, no 2, p. 241-252.
- WOOLF, A. et S.G. FINK (1985). « Epidemiology of trauma in a population of incarcerated youth », Pediatrics, vol. 75, no 3, p. 463-468.
- ZINGRAFF, M.T., J. LEITER, K.A. MYERS et M.C. JOHNSEN (1993). « Child maltreatment and youthful problem behavior », Criminology, vol. 31, no 2, p. 173-202.
- ZLOTNICK, C., B.A. WOLFSDORF, B. JOHNSON et A. SPIRITO (2003). « Impaired self-regulation and suicidal behavior among adolescent and young adult psychiatric inpatients », Archives of Suicide Research, vol. 7, no 2, p. 149-157.
10.7202/027506ar