Résumés
Abstract
The Confederating period of the 1850s and 1860s and the adoption of official multiculturalism in the 1970s are arguably two of the most decisive ideological moments in Canadian history. The literature produced during the Confederating period and the early years of multiculturalism therefore constitutes a valuable medium to discern what is at stake in reinforcing “national” and “ethnic” identities as normative categories. This paper focuses on Canadian literature written during these times by Irish Catholic immigrants and their descendants because the conflicting role of the Irish as both colonizers and colonized adds political dynamics, the explorations of which help to illustrate the objectives and shortcomings of national and multicultural ideologies. The essay analyses ideas about nation building, ethnic identity, racial supremacy, and cultural diversity in the poetry of Thomas D’Arcy McGee and Rosanna Leprohon, as well as novels by Harry J. Boyle and Dennis T. Patrick Sears.
Résumé
La période de formation de la Confédération (années 1850 et 1860) et la période d’adoption du multiculturalisme officiel (années 1970), sont deux des moments de l’histoire du Canada dont on peut dire qu’ils ont été parmi les plus déterminants sur le plan idéologique. Les ouvrages produits pendant la formation de la Confédération et les premières années du multiculturalisme constituent donc un moyen précieux pour discerner ce qui est en cause lorsqu’il est question de renforcer les identités « nationales » et « ethniques » en tant que catégories normatives. Le présent document s’intéresse à la littérature canadienne écrite à cette époque par des immigrants irlandais catholiques et leurs descendants à cause du rôle conflictuel des Irlandais, en tant que colonisateurs et de colonisés, qui ajoute une dynamique politique dont l’exploration aide à illustrer les objectifs et les lacunes des idéologies nationales et multiculturelles. L’essai analyse des idées au sujet de la construction d’une nation, de l’identité ethnique, de la suprématie raciale et de la diversité culturelle dans la poésie de Thomas D’Arcy McGee et de Rosanna Leprohon ainsi que dans les romans de Harry J. Boyle et de Dennis T. Patrick Sears.…
Parties annexes
Bibliography
- Ahmed, Sara. The Cultural Politics of Emotion. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press, 2004.
- Akenson, Donald Harmon. The Irish Diaspora: A Primer. Streetsville, Ont.: P. D. Meany; Belfast: Institute of Irish Studies, Queen’s University, 1996.
- Anagnostou, Yiorgos. “A Critique of Symbolic Ethnicity: The Ideology of Choice?” Ethnicities 9.1 (2009): 94–122.
- Beaton, Roderick. “Balladry in the Medieval Greek World.” The Singer and the Scribe: European Ballad Traditions and European Ballad Cultures. Ed. Philip E. Bennett and Richard Firth Green. Amsterdam; New York: Rodopi, 2004. 13–21.
- Boyle, Harry J. The Luck of the Irish: A Canadian Fable. Toronto: Macmillan, 1975.
- Bumsted, J. M. A History of the Canadian Peoples. Toronto; Oxford; New York: Oxford UP, 1998.
- Burns, Robin B. “D’Arcy McGee and the Fenians: A Study of the Interaction Between Irish Nationalism and the American Environment.” Special Fenian Issue. Irish University Review 4.3 (Winter 1967): 260–73.
- Cho, Lily. “Diasporic Citizenship: Contradictions and Possibilities for Canadian Literature.” Trans.Can.Lit: Resituating the Study of Canadian Literature. Ed. Smaro Kamboureli and Roy Miki. Waterloo, Ont.: Wilfrid Laurier University Press, 2007. 93–109.
- Coleman, Daniel. White Civility: The Literary Project of English Canada. Toronto; Buffalo; London: University of Toronto Press, 2006.
- Dewart, Edward Hartley, ed. Selections From Canadian Poets With Occasional Critical and Biographical Notes and an Introductory Essay on Canadian Poetry. Montreal: s.n., 1864.
- Donoghue, Emma. Landing. Orlando et al: Harcourt, 2007.
- Dwan, David. “That Ancient Sect: Yeats, Hegel, and the Possibility of Epic in Ireland.” Irish Studies Review 12.2 (August 2004): 201–11.
- Fee, Margery. “What Use is Ethnicity to Aboriginal Peoples in Canada?” 1995. Rpt. Unhomely States: Theorizing English-Canadian Postcolonialism. Ed. Cynthia Sugars. Peterborough, Ont.: Broadview, 2004. 267–76.
- Finnegan, Ruth. Ballad Oral Poetry: Its Nature, Significance and Social Context. Cambridge; London; New York; Melbourne: Cambridge University Press, 1977.
- Francis, Daniel. The Imaginary Indian: The Image of the Indian in Canadian Culture. Vancouver: Arsenal Pulp, 1992.
- Goldie, Terry. Fear and Temptation: The Image of the Indigene in Canadian, Australian, and New Zealand Literature. Montreal; Kingston: McGill-Queen’s University Press, 1989.
- Holmgren, Michele J. Native Muses and National Poetry: Nineteenth-Century Irish-Canadian Poets. Unpublished Ph.D. Dissertation. London, Ont.: University of Western Ontario, 1997.
- Holmgren, Michele J. “Ossian Abroad: James Macpherson and Canadian Literary Nationalism, 1830–1994.” Canadian Poetry: Studies/Documents/Reviews 50 (Spring-Summer 2002): http://www.uwo.ca/english/canadianpoetry/cpjrn/vol50/holmgren.htm.
- Kostash, Myrna. “Imagination, Representation, and Culture.” Literary Pluralities. Ed. Christl Verduyn. Peterborough: Broadview, 1998. 92–96.
- Kymlicka, Will. Multicultural Odysseys: Navigating the New International Politics of Diversity. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2007.
- Lasser, Carol. “‘Let Us Be Sisters Forever’: The Sororal Model of Nineteenth-Century Female Friendship.” Signs 14.1 (Autumn 1988): 158–81.
- Laurence, Margaret. The Diviners. 1974. New Canadian Library. Toronto: McClelland & Stewart, 1988.
- Leprohon, Mrs. [Rosanna Eleanor]. The Poetical Works of Mrs. Leprohon (Miss R.E. Mullins). Ed. John Reade. Montreal: John Lovell, 1881.
- Lighthall, William Douw, ed. Songs of the Great Dominion: Voices from the Forests and Waters, the Settlements and Cities of Canada. London: Walter Scott, 1889.
- Lighthall, William Douw, ed. Canadian Songs and Poems: Voices from the Forests and Waters, the Settlements and Cities of Canada. London: Walter Scott; Toronto: W. J. Gage, 1892.
- Lighthall, William Douw, ed. Canadian Poems and Lays: Selections of Native Verse Reflecting the Seasons, Legends and Life of the Dominion. Toronto: Musson, 1984.
- Lukács, Georg. Studies in European Realism. Trans. Edith Bone. London: The Merlin Press, 1972.
- Martin, Ged. Britain and the Origins of Canadian Confederation, 1837–67. Vancouver: UBC Press, 1995.
- McCreath, Ross. “Pioneer: Boyle, Harry J. (1915–2005).” Biographies. May 1996. Canadian Communications Foundation. 15 Dec 2008 http://www.broadcasting-history.ca/personalities/personalities.php?id=261.
- McGee, Thomas D’Arcy. Canadian Ballads, and Occasional Verses. Montreal: John Lovell, 1858.
- McGee, Thomas D’Arcy. Poems, With Copious Notes. Also an Introd. and Biographical Sketch, By Mrs. J. Sadlier. New York: D. & J. Sadlier, 1869.
- McGee, Thomas D’Arcy. 1825—D’Arcy McGee—1925: A Collection of Speeches and Addresses, Together with a Complete Report of the Centennial Celebration of the Birth of the Honourable Thomas D’Arcy McGee at Ottawa, April 13th, 1925. Ed. Charles Murphy. Toronto: Macmillan, 1937.
- McGowan, Mark G. The Waning of the Green: Catholics, the Irish, and Identity in Toronto, 1887–1922. Montreal; Kingston: McGill-Queen’s University Press, 1999.
- McRoberts, Kenneth. Misconceiving Canada: The Struggle for National Unity. Don Mills, Ont.: Oxford University Press, 1997.
- Miller, Kerby A. Emigrants and Exiles: Ireland and the Irish Exodus to North America. Oxford; New York: Oxford University Press, 1985.
- Morgan, Henry James. Bibliotheca Canadensis, or, A Manual of Canadian Literature. Ottawa: s. n., 1867.
- Moss, Laura. “Strategic Cultural Nationalism.” Canadian Literature 200 (Spring 2009): 6–14.
- Patten, Eve. “‘Life Purified and Reprojected’: Autobiography and the Modern Irish Novel.” Modern Irish Autobiography: Self, Nation and Society. Ed. Liam Harte. Basingstoke; New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 2007. 51–69.
- Pennee, Donna Palmateer. “Literary Citizenship: Culture (Un)Bounded, Culture (Re)Distributed.” Home-Work: Postcolonialism, Pedagogy, and Canadian Literature. Ed. Cynthia Sugars. Ottawa: University of Ottawa Press, 2004. 75–85.
- Rand, Theodore Harding, ed. A Treasury of Canadian Verse: With Brief Biographical Notes. Toronto: W. Briggs, 1900.
- Renan, Ernest. “What Is a Nation?” 1882. Trans. Martin Thom. Nation and Narration. Ed. Homi Bhabha. London; New York: Routledge, 1990. 8–22.
- Rutherdale, Myra. “Mothers of the Empire: Maternal Metaphors in the Northern Canadian Mission Field.” Canadian Missionaries, Indigenous Peoples: Representing Religion at Home and Abroad. Ed. Jamie S. Scott and Alvyn Austin. Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 2005. 46–66.
- Ryder, Sean. “‘With a Heroic Life and a Governing Mind’: Nineteenth-Century Irish Nationalist Autobiography.” Modern Irish Autobiography: Self, Nation and Society. Ed. Liam Harte. Basingstoke; New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 2007. 14–31.
- Sears, Dennis T. Patrick. The Lark in the Clear Air. 1974. New Canadian Library. Toronto: McClelland & Stewart, 1985.
- Troper, Harold. “Multiculturalism.” The Encyclopedia of Canada’s Peoples. Ed. Paul Robert Magocsi. Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 1999. 997–1006.
- Urquhart, Jane. Sanctuary Line. Toronto: McClelland & Stewart, 2010.
- Urschel, Katrin. “From Assimilation to Diversity: Ethnic Identity in Irish-Canadian Literature.” Multiculturalism and Integration: Canadian and Irish Experiences. Ed. Vera Regan, Isabelle Lemée, and Maeve Conrick. Ottawa: University of Ottawa Press, 2010. 177–91.
- Wilson, David A. “Comment: Whiteness and Irish Experience in North America.” Journal of British Studies 44.1 (2005): 153–60.
- Wilson, David A., ed. The Orange Order in Canada. Dublin: Four Courts Press, 2007.
- Wilson, David A. Thomas D’Arcy McGee, Volume I: Passion, Reason, and Politics, 1825–1857. Montreal; Kingston: McGill-Queen’s University Press, 2008.