Résumés
Abstract
The emergence of a giant like China changes the landscape. The potential localization of multinational companies' R&D centers into emerging countries changes the analytical perspective. This phenomenon moves the knowledge frontier and creates a real paradigm change in terms of innovation and technology transfer. On the one hand, we confirm the global trend of knowledge sources implied in previous studies and we demonstrate that multinationals might now choose emergent countries as a strategic place to externalize R&D. On the other hand, we go further by empirically showing the phenomena of reverse innovation and reverse technology transfer in the pharmaceutical sector.
Keywords:
- Innovation,
- Reverse Innovation,
- Technology Transfer,
- Spillovers,
- Pharmaceutical Companies,
- China
Résumé
L'émergence d'un géant comme la Chine bouscule les acquis. La localisation de centres de R&D par des entreprises multinationales dans les pays émergents modifie les perspectives et crée un véritable changement de paradigme en termes d’innovation et de transfert technologique. Dans cet article, nous confirmons d'une part cette tendance mondiale déjà évoquée dans les études précédentes et nous démontrons que les multinationales peuvent maintenant choisir les pays émergents comme un lieu stratégique pour externaliser la R&D. D'autre part, nous allons plus loin en montrant empiriquement les phénomènes d’innovation inverse et de transfert technologique inverse dans le secteur pharmaceutique.
Mots-clés :
- Innovation,
- innovation inverse (inversée),
- transfert technologique,
- compagnies pharmaceutiques,
- Chine
Resumen
La aparición de un gigante como China molesta a los que ocupan el espacio. La ubicación de los centros de I&D de las empresas multinacionales en los países emergentes modifica las perspectivas y crea un cambio de paradigma en términos de innovación y transferencia de tecnología. En este artículo, confirmamos por un lado esta tendencia mundial ya evocada en estudios anteriores y demostramos que las multinacionales pueden ahora elegir los países emergentes como un lugar estratégico para externalizar I&D. En segundo lugar, vamos más allá al mostrar empíricamente los fenómenos opuestos de la innovación inversa y la transferencia tecnológica inversa en el sector farmacéutico.
Palabras clave:
- innovación,
- innovación inversa,
- transferencia de tecnología,
- compañías farmacéuticas,
- China
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Parties annexes
Biographical notes
Marine Hadengue’s interests include technology transfer and reverse innovation. Her research focuses on changes in the process of innovation and technology transfer during the second globalisation. After graduating from Polytechnique Montreal in mechanical engineering, Marine worked as a project manager at Essilor – World leader in Optics while completing a Master in International Politics at University of Montreal. An alumna of The Washington Center, she worked for LTL Strategies, a consulting firm in international development located in Washington D.C. She is now a Ph.D. candidate and a teaching assistant at Polytechnique Montreal.
Nathalie de Marcellis-Warin is Full Professor at Polytechnique Montréal and Vice-President Risk and Sustainable Development at Cirano (Canada). She completed her Ph.D in Management Science at Ecole Normale Supérieure de Cachan. She is currently Visiting Scientist at the Harvard Center for Risk Analysis (Harvard T. H. Chan School of Public Health).
Thierry Warin's interests include financial regulations, international finance, open macroeconomics, international political economy, and regional economics. Visiting Scholar at the Weatherhead Center for International Affairs (Harvard University), Thierry is Associate Professor of International Business at HEC Montréal and Vice-President Strategy and International Economics at Cirano (Canada). An alumnus of the Salzburg Global Seminar, An alumnus of the Minda de Gunzburg Center for European Studies at Harvard University, Thierry completed his doctorate in monetary economics and finance at Essec Business School in Paris.
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Parties annexes
Notes biographiques
Marine Hadengue s’intéresse au transfert technologique et à l'innovation inverse. Ses recherches portent sur l'évolution récente des processus d’innovation et de transfert technologique dans le contexte de la seconde mondialisation. Après avoir été diplômée de Polytechnique Montréal en génie mécanique, Marine a travaillé comme chef de projet chez Essilor - Leader mondial de l'optique – tout en complétant une maîtrise en politique internationale à l'Université de Montréal. Ancienne élève au Washington Center, elle a travaillé pour LTL Strategies, une société de conseil en développement international à Washington D.C. Elle est actuellement candidate au doctorat et chargée de cours à Polytechnique Montréal.
Nathalie de Marcellis-Warin est professeure titulaire à Polytechnique Montréal et vice-présidente en charge des groupes Risque et Développement durable au Cirano (Canada). Elle a obtenu son Ph.D en Sciences de gestion à l’École Normale Supérieure de Cachan (France). Elle est actuellement chercheure invitée au Harvard Center for Risk Analysis (Harvard T. H. Chan School of Public Health).
Thierry Warin s’intéresse aux thématiques de règlementations financières, finance internationale, macroéconométrie et économie politique internationale. Chercheur invité au Weatherhead Center for International Affairs (Harvard University), Thierry est professeur agrégé dans le département des affaires internationales à HEC Montréal et vice-président en charge du groupe stratégie et économie internationales au Cirano (Canada). Un ancien membre du Centre Minda de Gunzburg sur les études européennes à l’université de Harvard, Thierry a obtenu son Ph.D en économie monétaire et financière à l’ESSEC (France).
Parties annexes
Notas biograficas
Marine Hadengue está interesada en la transferencia de tecnología y la innovación inversa. Su investigación se centra en la evolución del proceso de innovación y transferencia de tecnología en el contexto de la segunda globalización.Después de graduarse en Polytechnique Montreal en Ingeniería Mecánica, Marine trabajó como gerente de proyectos de Essilor – Líder de la óptica – al completar un Master en Política Internacional en la Universidad de Montreal. Ex estudiante de Washington Center, trabajó para LTL Strategies, una firma consultora de Desarrollo Internacional en Washington D.C. Actualmente es candidato a doctor y profesor a Polytechnique Montreal.
Nathalie de Marcellis-Warin es profesor en la Politécnica de Montreal y el vicepresidente de los grupos sobre los riesgos y el desarrollo sostenible en Cirano (Canadá). Nathalie obtuvo su Ph.D en Ciencias de la Gestión en la Escuela Normal Superior de Cachan (Francia). Actualmente Visiting Scientist en el Centro Harvard para el Análisis de Riesgos (T.H Chan Escuela de Salud Pública de Harvard).
Thierry Warin analiza temas de regulaciones financieras, las finanzas internacionales y macroeconometría internacionales de economía política. Visiting Scholar en el Centro Weatherhead para Asuntos Internacionales (Universidad de Harvard), Thierry es profesor asociado en el Departamento de Negocios Internacionales de HEC Montreal y vicepresidente a cargo de la estrategia y Cirano grupo economía internacional (Canadá). Un ex miembro del Centro de Gunzburg Minda de Estudios Europeos en la Universidad de Harvard, Thierry obtuvo su Ph.D en economía monetaria y financiera en la ESSEC (Francia).