Résumés
Abstract
Drawing upon the entrepreneurial spirals concept, this article examines how managerial practices influence entrepreneurial intent in traditional academic activities. The international inquiry analyses innovative teaching into six business schools in France, Canada and Morocco. At the complex interplay between individual goals and organizational objectives, three entrepreneurial loops are identified: converging, diverging and absence of loop. Findings suggest that university management remains a challenge as an appropriate balanced management is required for the changing university’s mission towards social and economic well-being. The conditions of successful academic entrepreneurial activities are outlined across three propositions.
Keywords:
- Academic entrepreneurship,
- educational innovations,
- entrepreneurial management,
- entrepreneurial loop,
- intrapreneurship
Résumé
A travers le concept de spirales entrepreneuriales, cet article examine comment les pratiques managériales influencent la dynamique entrepreneuriale des activités académiques traditionnelles. L’analyse d’innovations pédagogiques dans six établissements de l’enseignement supérieur de la gestion en France, Canada et Maroc, montre que le management des établissements universitaires reste un défi pour leur participation accrue au développement économique et social. L’interaction complexe, entre les objectifs individuels et organisationnels, aboutit à trois types de trajectoires : convergente, divergente et absence de dynamique. Trois propositions viennent éclairer les conditions de succès d’un processus entrepreneurial en contexte académique.
Mots-clés :
- Entrepreneuriat académique,
- innovation en éducation,
- management entrepreneurial,
- spirale entrepreneuriale,
- intrapreneuriat
Resumen
Con el concepto de espirales empresariales, este artículo examina cómo las prácticas de gestión influyen en el proceso empresarial en las actividades académicas tradicionales. El análisis de las innovaciones educativas en seis instituciones de educación superior en administración en Francia, Canadá y Marruecos, muestra que la administración de las instituciones académicas sigue siendo un desafío por su mayor participación en el desarrollo económico y social. La interacción compleja entre los objetivos individuales y organizacionales conduce a tres tipos de trayectorias: convergente, divergente y falta de dinámica. Las condiciones de las actividades empresariales académicas exitosas se describen en tres proposiciones.
Palabras clave:
- Emprendimiento académico,
- innovación en educación,
- gestión empresarial,
- espiral empresarial,
- intraemprendimiento
Parties annexes
Bibliography
- Abernethy, M. A. & Stoelwinder, J. U. (1995). “The role of professional control in the management of complex organizations”, Accounting, Organizations and Society, Vol. 20, N° 1, p. 1-17.
- Abreu, M.; Demirel, P.; Grinevich, V. & Karataş-Özkan, M. (2016). “Entrepreneurial practices in research intensive and teaching-led universities”, Small Business Economics, Vol. 47, N° 3, p. 695-717.
- Amo, B. W. (2010). “Corporate entrepreneurship and intrapreneurship related to innovation behaviour among employees”, International Journal of Entrepreneurial Venturing, Vol. 2, N° 2, p. 144-158.
- Audretsch, D. B. (2014). “From the entrepreneurial university to the university for the entrepreneurial society”, Journal of Technology Transfer, Vol. 39, N° 3, p. 313-321.
- Augsdorfer, P. (2008). “Managing the Unmanageable”, Research Technology Management, Vol. 51, N° 4, p. 41-47.
- Baruah, B. & Ward, A. (2015). “Metamorphosis of intrapreneurship as an effective organizational strategy”, International Entrepreneurship and Management Journal, Vol. 11, N° 4, p. 811-822.
- Bathmaker, A. M. (2003). “The Expansion of Higher Education: A Consideration of Control, Funding and Quality.” IN Bartlett, S. and Burton, D. (eds) Education Studies. Essential Issues, London: Sage, p. 169-189.
- Bercovitz, J. & Feldman, M. (2008). “Academic entrepreneurs: Organizational change at the individual level”, Organization Science, Vol. 19, N° 1, p. 69-89.
- Bluhm, D. J.; Harman, W.; Lee, T. W. & Mitchell, T. R. (2011). “Qualitative research in management: A decade of progress”, Journal of Management Studies, Vol. 48, N° 8, p. 1866-1891.
- Brunsson, N. (1993). “Ideas and actions: Justification and hypocrisy as alternatives to control”, Accounting, Organizations and Society, Vol. 18, N° 6, p. 489-506.
- Burgelman, R. A. (1983). “Corporate entrepreneurship and strategic management: insights from a process study”, Management Science, Vol. 19, N° 2, p. 1349-1364.
- Burgelman, R. A. (1991). ‘‘Intraorganizational ecology of strategy making and organizational adaptation: Theory and field research”, Organization Science, Vol. 2, N° 3, p. 239-262.
- Cantaragiu, R. (2012). “Towards a conceptual delimitation of academic entrepreneurship”, Management & Marketing, Vol. 7, N° 4, p. 683-700.
- Cohen, W.M.; Nelson, R.R. & Walsh, J.P., (2002). “Links and impacts: the influence of public research on industrial R&D”, Management Science, Vol. 48, N° 1, p. 1-23.
- Cohendet, P. & L.Simon. (2008). “Knowledge Intensive Firms, Communities and Creative Cities”, in Amin, A. et J. Roberts (eds), Community, Economic Creativity, and Organization, Oxford University Press.
- Corbett, A. C.; Katz, J. A. & Siegel, D. S. (Eds.). (2014). Academic Entrepreneurship: Creating an Entrepreneurial Ecosystem. Emerald Group Publishing.
- Covin, J. G. & Miles, M. P. (1999). “Corporate entrepreneurship and the pursuit of competitive advantage”, Entrepreneurship Theory & Practice, Vol. 23, N° 3, p. 47-63.
- Cyert, R. M. & March, J. (1963). A Behavioral Theory of the Firm, 1 ed., Prentice-Hall, 268 p.
- Denis, J.L.; Langley, A. & Rouleau, L. (2007). “Strategizing in pluralistic contexts: Rethinking theoretical frames”, Human relations, Vol. 60, N° 1, p. 179-215.
- Dess, G.D.; Lumpkin, G. T. & McGee, J. E. (1999). “Linking Corporate Entrepreneurship to Strategy, Structure, and Process: Suggested Research Directions”, Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice, Vol. 23, N° 3, p. 85-102.
- Etzkowitz, H. & Leydesdorff, L. (2000). “The dynamics of innovation: From national systems and ‘mode 2’ to a triple helix of university-industry-government relations”, Research Policy, Vol. 29, N° 2, p. 109-123.
- Fayolle, A. & Redford, S.T. (Eds.) (2014). Handbook on the Entrepreneurial University, Edward Elgar, London.
- Fombrun, C. & Shanley, M. (1990). “What’s in a name? Reputation building and corporate strategy”, Academy of Management Journal, Vol. 33, N° 2, p. 233-258.
- Foss, N. J. & Lyngsie, J. (2014). “The Strategic Organization of the Entrepreneurial Established Firm”, Strategic Organization, Vol. 12, N° 3, p. 208-215.
- Gibson, C.B. & Birkinshaw, J. (2004). “The antecedents, consequences, and mediating role of organizational ambidexterity”, Academy of management Journal, Vol. 47, N° 2, p. 209-226.
- Goodale, J. C.; Kuratko, D. F.; Hornsby, J. S. & Covin, J. G. (2011). “Operations management and corporate entrepreneurship: The moderating effect of operations control on the antecedents of corporate entrepreneurial activity in relation to innovation performance”, Journal of Operations Management, Vol. 29, N° 1-2, p. 116-127.
- Hardy, C. (1991). “Configuration and strategy making in universities: broadening the scope”, Journal of Higher Education, Vol. 62, N° 4, p. 363-393.
- Hautz, J.; Seidl, D. & Whittington, R. (2017). “Open Strategy: Transparency and Inclusion in Strategy Processes”, Long Range Planning, Vol. 50, N° 3, p. 298-309.
- Hazen, B. T.; Wu, Y.; Sankar, C. S. & Jones-Farmer, L. A. (2012). “A proposed framework for educational innovation dissemination”, Journal of Educational Technology Systems, Vol. 40, N° 3, p. 301-321.
- Heinonen, J. & Poikkijoki, S. A. (2006). “An entrepreneurial-directed approach to entrepreneurship education: mission impossible?”, Journal of management development, Vol. 25, N° 1, p. 80-94.
- Hitt, M. A.; Ireland, R.D.; Sirmon, D.G. & Trahms, C.A. (2011). ‘‘Strategic entrepreneurship: Creating value for individuals, organizations, and society”, Academy of Management Perspectives, Vol. 25, p. 57-75.
- Ireland, R.D.; Covin, J.G. & Kuratko, D.F. (2009). “Conceptualizing Corporate Entrepreneurship strategy”, Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice, Vol. 33, N° 1, p. 19-46.
- Kaplan, A.M. (2014). “European management and European business schools: Insights from the history of business schools”, European Management Journal, Vol. 32, N° 4, p. 529-534.
- Kanter, R. (1985). “Supporting innovation and venture development in established companies”, Journal of Business Venturing, Vol. 1, N° 1, p. 47- 60.
- Klofsten, M. & Jones-Evans, D. (2000). “Academic Entrepreneurship in the European Context: A Comparative Study”, Small Business Economics, Vol. 14, p. 299-309.
- Lizote, S. A.; Lana, J. & Verdinelli, M. A. (2014). “Intrapreneurial behavior: a study of higher education institutions”, Revista Alcance, Vol. 21, N° 3.
- Louis, K.; Blumenthal, D.; Gluck, M. & Stoto, M.A. (1989). “Entrepreneurs in academe: an exploration of behaviours among life scientists”, Administrative Science Quarterly, Vol. 34, p. 110-131.
- Lincoln, Y. S. & Guba, E. G. (1985). Naturalistic inquiry, Beverly Hills, Sage publications, 416 p.
- Mintzberg, H. (1979). The structuring of organizations: a synthesis of the research, Prentice-Hall International, Englewood Cliffs: London.
- Mintzberg, H. & Rose, J. (2003). “Strategic Management Upside Down: Tracking Strategies at McGill University from 1829 to 1980”, Revue Canadienne des Sciences de l’Administration, Vol. 20, N° 4, p. 270-290.
- Morris, M. H.; Allen, J.; Schindehutte, M. & Avila, R. (2006). “Balanced management control systems as a mechanism for achieving corporate entrepreneurship”, Journal of Managerial Issues, p. 468.
- Naveh, E. (2007). “Formality and discretion in successful R&D projects”, Journal of Operations Management, Vol. 25, N° 1, p. 110-125.
- Nonet, G.; Kassel, K. & Rodhain, F. (2015). “How do business schools support internal innovation and work on their strategy and their reputation? The case of responsible management”, Journal of Innovation Economics & Management, N° 2, p. 69-98.
- Perkmann, M.; Tartari, V.; Mckelvey, M.; Autio, E., Broström A.; D’Este, P. & Krabel, S. (2013). “Academic engagement and commercialisation: A review of the literature on university–industry relations”, Research policy, Vol. 42, N° 2, p. 423-442.
- Pfeffer, J.; Fong, C. T. (2002). “The end of business schools? Less success than meets the eye”, Academy of Management Learning and Education, Vol. 1, N° 1, p. 78-95.
- Philpott, K.; Dooley, L.; O’reilly C. & Lupton, G. (2011). “The entrepreneurial university: Examining the underlying academic tensions”, Technovation, Vol. 31, N° 4, p. 161-170.
- Rasmussen, E.A. & Sørheim, R. (2006). “Action-based entrepreneurship education”, Technovation, Vol. 26, N° 2, p. 185-194.
- Ratten, V. (2017). “Entrepreneurial universities: the role of communities, people and places”, Journal of Enterprising Communities: People and Places in the Global Economy, Vol. 11, N° 3, p. 310-315.
- Rhoades, G. & Sporn, B. (2002). “New models of management and shifting modes and costs of production: Europe and the United States”, Tertiary Education and Management, Vol. 8, N° 1, p. 3-28.
- Ropo, A. & Hunt, J.G. (1995). “Entrepreneurial processes as virtuous and vicious in a changing opportunity structure: a paradoxical perspective”, Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice, Vol. 19, N° 3, p. 91-111.
- Rothaermel, F.; Agung, S. & Jiang, L. (2007). “University entrepreneurship: a taxonomy of the literature”, Industrial and Corporate Change, Vol. 16, N° 4, p. 691-791.
- Sandberg, J. & Alvesson, M. (2011). “Ways of constructing research questions: gap-spotting or problematization?”, Organization, Vol. 18, N° 1, p. 23-44.
- Sathe, V. (1989). “Fostering Entrepreneurship in the Large, Diversified Firm”, Organizational Dynamics, Vol. 18, N° 2, p. 20-32.
- Shane, S. (2004). Academic Entrepreneurship – University Spinoffs and Wealth Creation, Cheltenham: Edward Elgar Publishing.
- Shepherd, D.A.; Patzelt, H. & Haynie, J. M. (2010). “Entrepreneurial spirals: Deviation-amplifying loops of an entrepreneurial mindset and organizational culture”, Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice, Vol. 33, N° 1, p. 1-24.
- Siegel, D.S. & Wright, M. (2015). “Academic Entrepreneurship: Time for a Rethink?”, British Journal of Management, Vol. 26, N° 4, p. 1-14.
- Stevenson, H.H. & Jarillo, J.C. (1990). “A paradigm of entrepreneurship: entrepreneurial management”, Strategic Management Journal, Summer Special Issue, Vol. 11, p. 17-27.
- Strauss, A. & Corbin, J. (1990). Basics of qualitative research: grounded theory procedures and techniques, Newbury Park, California: Sage Publications, 272 p.
- Thompson, T.A. & Purdy, J.M. (2009). “When a good idea isn’t enough: curricular innovation as a political process”, Academy of Management Learning & Education, Vol. 8, N° 2, p. 188-207.
- Tushman, M. L.; O’Reilly, C. A.; Fennollosa, A.; Kleinbaum, A. M. & McGrath, D. (2007). “Relevance and rigor: Executive education as a lever in shaping practice and research”, Academy of Management Learning and Education, Vol. 6, N° 3, p. 345-362.
- Twaalfhoven, B.; Suen, W.W. & Prats, J. (2001). Developing Entrepreneurship Programmes in MBA Schools: A Contrast in Approaches. Survey of 7 Business Schools, European Foundation for Entrepreneurship Research.
- VanMaanen, J. (1979). “Reclaiming qualitative methods for organizational research: A preface”, Administrative science quarterly, Vol. 24, N° 4, p. 520-526.
- Weick, K. E. (1976). “Educational organizations as loosely coupled systems”, Administrative Science Quarterly, Vol. 21, N° 1, p. 1-19.
- Zahra, S.A.; Randerson, K. & Fayolle, A. (2013). “Corporate Entrepreneurship: where are we? Where can we go from here?”, M@n@gement, Vol. 16, N° 4, p. 357-361.