Résumés
Abstract
For 40 years, the Uppsala model has focused on the internationalization of companies, considering the individual level of analysis as a black box. Recently, the model has been criticized by scholars in that regard, and its authors are consequently introducing micro-level processes in some dimensions. But is it possible to fully integrate the micro-level into the Uppsala model? By developing a systematic literature review, our article aims to open this black box. Along with methodological contributions, we rediscover the role of individuals, show how the model can integrate them, develop a comprehensive micro-foundational approach and suggest future research paths.
Keywords:
- Uppsala Model,
- Networks,
- Individuals,
- Microfoundations,
- Literature Review
Résumé
Pendant 40 ans, le modèle d’Uppsala s’est focalisé sur l’internationalisation des entreprises, considérant le niveau d’analyse individuel comme une boîte noire. Récemment, le modèle a été critiqué à cet égard par plusieurs chercheurs, incitant ses auteurs à introduire le niveau micro dans certaines dimensions analysées. Mais est-il vraiment possible d’intégrer pleinement le niveau individuel dans le modèle d’Uppsala ? Notre article a pour objectif de formuler une réponse à cette question en s’appuyant sur une revue systématique de la littérature. Au-delà de ses apports méthodologiques, cette recherche redécouvre le rôle des individus, montre comment le modèle peut les intégrer en développant une approche micro-fondamentale complète, et suggère des nouvelles pistes de recherche.
Mots-clés :
- Modèle d’Uppsala,
- Réseaux,
- Individus,
- Micro-fondations,
- Revue de littérature
Resumen
Durante 40 años, el modelo de Uppsala se ha centrado en la internacionalización de empresas, considerando el análisis a nivel individual como un campo inexplorado. Recientemente, el modelo ha sido criticado en ese aspecto por académicos, provocando a sus autores introducir procesos a nivel micro en algunas de sus dimensiones. Pero ¿es posible integrar completamente el nivel micro en el modelo de Uppsala? Mediante el desarrollo de una revisión sistemática de la literatura, nuestro artículo tiene como objetivo abrir este campo inexplorado. Junto con contribuciones metodológicas, redescubrimos el papel de los individuos, mostramos cómo el modelo puede integrarlos, desarrollamos un enfoque microfundacional completo y sugerimos futuras direcciones de investigación.
Palabras clave:
- Modelo de Uppsala,
- Redes,
- Individuos,
- Microfundaciones,
- Revisión de la literatura
Parties annexes
Bibliography
- Anderson, J. C., Håkansson, H., & Johanson, J. (1994). Dyadic Business Relationships within a Business Network Context. Journal of Marketing, 58(4), 1. https://doi.org/10.1177/002224299405800401
- Angué, K., & Mayrhofer, U. (2010). Le Modèle d’Uppsala Remis en Question: Une Analyse des Accords de Coopération Noués Dans les Marchés Emergents. Management International / International Management / Gestión Internacional, 15(1), 33–46. https://doi.org/10.7202/045623ar
- Bhatti, W. A., Vahlne, J.-E., Glowik, M., & Larimo, J. A. (2022). The Impact of Industry 4.0 on the 2017 Version of the Uppsala Model. International Business Review, 31(4), 101996. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ibusrev.2022.101996
- Blankenburg Holm, D., Eriksson, K., & Johanson, J. (1999). Creating Value Through Mutual Commitment to Business Network Relationships. Strategic Management Journal, 20(5), 467. https://doi.org/10.1002/(SICI)1097-0266(199905)20: 5<467: : AID-SMJ38>3.0.CO;2-J
- Booth, A., Sutton, A., & Papaioannou, D. (2016). Systematic Approaches to a Successful Literature Review. SAGE.
- Burt, R. S. (2009). Structural Holes: The Social Structure of Competition. Harvard University Press.
- Choi, S.-G., & Johanson, J. (2012). Knowledge Translation Through Expatriates in International Knowledge Transfer. International Business Review, 21(6), 1148–1157. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ibusrev.2012.01.002
- Contractor, F., Foss, N. J., Kundu, S., & Lahiri, S. (2019). Viewing Global Strategy Through a Microfoundations Lens. Global Strategy Journal, 9(1), 3–18. https://doi.org/10.1002/gsj.1329
- Cook, K. S., & Emerson, R. M. (1978). Power, Equity and Commitment in Exchange Networks. American Sociological Review, 43(5), 721–739. https://doi.org/10.2307/2094546
- Coviello, N., Kano, L., & Liesch, P. (2017). Adapting the Uppsala Model to a Modern World: Macro-context and Microfoundations. Journal of International Business Studies, 48(9), 1151–1164. https://doi.org/10.1057/s41267-017-0120-x
- Coviello, N., & Munro, H. (1997). Network Relationships and the Internationalisation Process of Small Software Firms. International Business Review, 6(4), 361–386. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0969-5931(97)00010-3
- Cyert, R. M., & March, J. G. (1963). A Behavioral Theory of the Firm. Prentice Hall.
- Felin, T., Foss, N. J., Heimeriks, K. H., & Madsen, T. L. (2012). Microfoundations of Routines and Capabilities. Journal of Management Studies, 49(8), 1351–1374. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-6486.2012.01052.x
- Figueira-de-Lemos, F., Johanson, J., & Vahlne, J.-E. (2011). Risk Management in the Internationalization Process of the Firm: A Note on the Uppsala Model. Journal of World Business, 46(2), 143–153. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jwb.2010.05.008
- Forsgren, M. (2002). The Concept of Learning in the Uppsala Internationalization Process Model: A Critical Review. International Business Review, 11(3), 257–277. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0969-5931(01)00060-9
- Forsgren, M. (2008). Theories of the Multinational Firm: A Multidimensional Creature in the Global Economy. Edward Elgar.
- Forsgren, M. (2016). A Note on the Revisited Uppsala Internationalization Process Model – The Implications of Business Networks and Entrepreneurship. Journal of International Business Studies, 47(9), 1135–1144. https://doi.org/10.1057/s41267-016-0014-3
- Forsgren, M., & Johanson, J. (1994). Managing Networks in International Business. Gordon and Breach.
- Foss, N. J., & Weber, L. (2016). Expand Bounded Rationality, but Don’t Throw Opportunism Out of the Car and Under the Bus: A Reply to Lumineau and Verbeke. Academy of Management Review, 41(4), 741–744. http://www.jstor.org/stable/24906250
- Galkina, T., & Chetty, S. (2015). Effectuation and Networking of Internationalizing SMEs. Management International Review, 55(5), 647–676. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11575-015-0251-x
- Granovetter, M. S. (1973). The Strength of Weak Ties. American Journal of Sociology, 78(6), 1360–1380. https://doi.org/10.1086/225469
- Håkansson, H. (1982). International Marketing and Purchasing of Industrial Goods: An Interaction Approach. Wiley.
- Håkansson, H., & Johanson, J. (1993). The Network as a Governance Structure. Interfirm Cooperation Beyond Markets and Hierarchies. In G. Grabher, The Embedded Firm: On the Socioeconomics of Industrial Networks (pp. 32–47). Routledge.
- Hohenthal, J., Johanson, J., & Johanson, M. (2003). Market Discovery and the International Expansion of the Firm. International Business Review, 12(6), 659–672. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ibusrev.2003.06.001
- Holm, U., Forsgren, M., & Johanson, J. (2015). Knowledge, Networks and Power: The Uppsala School of International Business. Palgrave Macmillan.
- Johanson, J., & Mattsson, L.-G. (1987). Interorganizational Relations in Industrial Systems: A Network Approach Compared with the Transaction-Cost Approach. International Studies of Management & Organization, 17(1), 34–48. https://doi.org/10.1080/00208825.1987.11656444
- Johanson, J., & Vahlne, J.-E. (1977). The Internationalization Process of the Firm-A Model of Knowledge Development and Increasing Foreign Market Commitments. Journal of International Business Studies, 8(1), 23–32. https://doi.org/10.1057/palgrave.jibs.8490676
- Johanson, J., & Vahlne, J.-E. (2003). Business Relationship Learning and Commitment in the Internationalization Process. Journal of International Entrepreneurship, 1(1), 83–101. https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1023219207042
- Johanson, J., & Vahlne, J.-E. (2006). Commitment and Opportunity Development in the Internationalization Process: A Note on the Uppsala Internationalization Process Model. Management International Review, 46(2), 165–178. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11575-006-0043-4
- Johanson, J., & Vahlne, J.-E. (2009). The Uppsala Internationalization Process Model Revisited: From Liability of Foreignness to Liability of Outsidership. Journal of International Business Studies, 40(9), 1411–1431. https://doi.org/10.1057/jibs.2009.24
- Johanson, J., & Wiedersheim-Paul, F. (1975). The Internationalization of the Firm—Four Swedish Cases. Journal of Management Studies, 12(3), 305–322. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-6486.1975.tb00514.x
- Jonsson, A., & Vahlne, J.-E. (2021). Complexity Offering Opportunity: Mutual Learning Between Zhejiang Geely Holding Group and Volvo Cars in the Post-Acquisition Process. Global Strategy Journal, Special Issue (Complexity and Multinationals), 1–32. https://doi.org/10.1002/gsj.1424
- Kahneman, D. (2011). Thinking, Fast and Slow. Farrar, Straus and Giroux.
- Kano, L., & Verbeke, A. (2015). The Three Faces of Bounded Reliability: Alfred Chandler and the Micro-Foundations of Management Theory. California Management Review, 58(1), 97–122. https://doi.org/10.1525/cmr.2015.58.1.97
- Kano, L., & Verbeke, A. (2019). Theories of the Multinational Firm: A Microfoundational Perspective. Global Strategy Journal, 9(1), 117–147. https://doi.org/10.1002/gsj.1332
- Knight, G. A. (1997). Emerging Paradigm for International Marketing: The Born Global Firm. Michigan State University.
- Maitland, E., & Sammartino, A. (2015). Managerial Cognition and Internationalization. Journal of International Business Studies, 46(7), 733–760. https://doi.org/10.1057/jibs.2015.9
- March, J. G. (1962). The Business Firm as a Political Coalition. The Journal of Politics, 24(4), 662–678. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022381600016169
- Meier, O., & Meschi, P.-X. (2010). Approche Intégrée ou Partielle de l’Internationalisation des Firmes: Les Modèles Uppsala (1977 et 2009) Face à l’Approche «International New Ventures» et aux Théories de la Firme. Management International / International Management / Gestión Internacional, 15(1), 11–18. https://doi.org/10.7202/045621ar
- Meier, O., Meschi, P.-X., & Dessain, V. (2010). Paradigme Eclectique, Modèle Uppsala… Quoi de Neuf pour Analyser les Décisions et Modes d’Investissement à l’International? Management International / International Management / Gestión Internacional, 15(1), V–X. https://doi.org/10.7202/045620ar
- Miner, J. B. (2006). Organizational Behavior 2: Essential Theories of Process and Structure. M.E. Sharpe.
- Oviatt, B. M., & McDougall, P. P. (1997). Challenges for Internationalization Process Theory: The Case of International New Ventures. Management International Review, 37, 85–99. https://www.jstor.org/stable/40228434
- Petticrew, M., & Roberts, H. (2008). Systematic Reviews in the Social Sciences: A Practical Guide. Wiley.
- Renwick, D. W. S., Breslin, D., & Price, I. (2019). Nurturing Novelty: Toulmin’s Greenhouse, Journal Rankings and Knowledge Evolution. European Management Review, 16(1), 167–178. https://doi.org/10.1111/emre.12334
- Schweizer, R., & Vahlne, J.-E. (2022). Non-linear Internationalization and the Uppsala Model–On the Importance of Individuals. Journal of Business Research, 140(1), 583–592. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbusres.2021.11.025
- Schweizer, R., Vahlne, J.-E., & Johanson, J. (2010). Internationalization as an Entrepreneurial Process. Journal of International Entrepreneurship, 8(4), 343–370. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10843-010-0064-8
- Sharma, D., & Johanson, J. (1987). Technical Consultancy in Internationalisation. International Marketing Review, 4(4), 20–29. https://doi.org/10.1108/eb008339
- Simon, H. A. (1947). Administrative Behavior: A Study of Decision-making Processes in Administrative Organization. Macmillan.
- Snyder, H. (2019). Literature Review as a Research Methodology: An Overview and Guidelines. Journal of Business Research, 104, 333–339. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbusres.2019.07.039
- Tapia Moore, E., & Meschi, P.-X. (2010). Vitesse et Mode d’Internationalisation des PME. Management International / Gestión Internacional / International Management, 15(1), 87–99. https://doi.org/10.7202/045627ar
- Tranfield, D., Denyer, D., & Smart, P. (2003). Towards a Methodology for Developing Evidence-Informed Management Knowledge by Means of Systematic Review. British Journal of Management, 14(3), 207–222. https://doi.org/10.1111/1467-8551.00375
- Vahlne, J.-E. (2020). Development of the Uppsala Model of Internationalization Process: From Internationalization to Evolution. Global Strategy Journal, 10(2), 239–250. https://doi.org/10.1002/gsj.1375
- Vahlne, J.-E. (2021). The Uppsala Model in the Twenty-First Century. In Oxford Research Encyclopedia of Business and Management.
- Vahlne, J.-E., & Bhatti, W. A. (2018). Relationship Development: A Micro-Foundation for the Internationalization Process of the MBE. Management International Review, 59, 1–26. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11575-018-0373-z
- Vahlne, J.-E., Hamberg, M., & Schweizer, R. (2017). Management Under Uncertainty—The Unavoidable Risk-Taking. Multinational Business Review, 25(2), 91–109. https://doi.org/10.1108/MBR-03-2017-0015
- Vahlne, J.-E., Ivarsson, I., & Johanson, J. (2011). The Tortuous Road to Globalization for Volvo’s Heavy Truck Business: Extending the Scope of the Uppsala Model. International Business Review, 20(1), 1–14. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ibusrev.2010.05.003
- Vahlne, J.-E., & Johanson, J. (2013). The Uppsala Model on Evolution of the Multinational Business Enterprise–From Internalization to Coordination of Networks. International Marketing Review, 30(3), 189–210. https://doi.org/10.1108/02651331311321963
- Vahlne, J.-E., & Johanson, J. (2014). Replacing Traditional Economics with Behavioral Assumptions in Constructing the Uppsala Model: Toward a Theory on the Evolution of the Multinational Business Enterprise. In Multidisciplinary Insights from New AIB Fellows (Vol. 16, pp. 159–176). Emerald.
- Vahlne, J.-E., & Johanson, J. (2017). From Internationalization to Evolution: The Uppsala Model at 40 Years. Journal of International Business Studies, 48(9), 1087–1102. https://doi.org/10.1057/s41267-017-0107-7
- Vahlne, J.-E., & Johanson, J. (2020). The Uppsala Model: Networks and Micro-Foundations. Journal of International Business Studies, 51(1), 4–10. https://doi.org/10.1057/s41267-019-00277-x
- Vahlne, J.-E., & Johanson, J. (2021). Coping with Complexity by Making Trust an Important Dimension in Governance and Coordination. International Business Review, 30(2), 1–7. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ibusrev.2021.101798
- Vahlne, J.-E., & Jonsson, A. (2017). Ambidexterity as a Dynamic Capability in the Globalization of the MBE: Case Studies of AB Volvo and IKEA. International Business Review, 26(1), 57–70. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ibusrev.2016.05.006
- Vahlne, J.-E., & Schweizer, R. (2022). Human Behavior and Judgment: A Critical Nano-foundation for the Uppsala Model and International Business Studies. Journal of International Business Studies, 53(7), 1–7. https://doi.org/10.1057/s41267-022-00502-0
- Vahlne, J.-E., Schweizer, R., & Johanson, J. (2012). Overcoming the Liability of Outsidership—The Challenge of HQ of the Global Firm. Journal of International Management, 18(3), 224–232. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.intman.2012.04.002
- Valdemarin, S. (2021). The International Development of Network Organizations: The Case of ONLYLYON. Management International / International Management / Gestiòn Internacional, 25(Special Issue), 39–57. https://doi.org/10.7202/1086410ar
- Veblen, T. (1898). Why is Economics not an Evolutionary Science? The Quarterly Journal of Economics, 12(4), 373–397. https://doi.org/10.1093/oxfordjournals.cje.a013725
- Wu, J., & Vahlne, J.-E. (2022). Dynamic Capabilities of Emerging Market Multinational Enterprises and the Uppsala Model. Asian Business & Management, 21(5), 690–714. https://doi.org/10.1057/s41291-020-00111-5
10.7202/045623ar