Résumés
Abstract
On 11 June 2010, ten leading scholars came together at the invitation of the Canadian Institute for Research on Linguistic Minorities to discuss the autonomy and recognition of Canada’s official language minority communities. In this article, I examine the implications of this workshop for Francophone minority community institutions by emphasizing and contextualizing main ideas and expanding on key proposals. First, I map out and explain how the implementation of horizontal management has increasingly curtailed community autonomy. Next, I catalog and discuss participants’ proposals for fostering greater autonomy for Francophone minority communities. Last, I sketch the potential and limitations of horizontal management.
Keywords:
- protection of minorities,
- linguistic minorities,
- horizontal management,
- community autonomy,
- Canada
Résumé
Le 11 juin 2010, l’Institut canadien de recherche sur les minorités linguistiques conviait dix chercheurs de renom pour discuter d’autonomie et de reconnaissance des communautés de langue officielle en situation minoritaire au Canada. Je me propose ici de réfléchir aux enseignements à tirer de cet atelier, en particulier en ce qui a trait à la gouvernance des minorités francophones hors Québec. Plus concrètement, j’expose d’abord les incidences de la gestion horizontale sur l’autonomie des minorités francophones. Ensuite, je m’intéresse aux diverses propositions d’autonomisation mises de l’avant par les intervenants. Au final, j’esquisse les promesses et limites de la gouvernance horizontale.
Mots-clés :
- respect des minorités,
- minorités linguistiques,
- gouvernance horizontale,
- autonomie collective,
- Canada
Veuillez télécharger l’article en PDF pour le lire. Télécharger
Parties annexes
Bibliography
- Aunger, Edmund (2010). “Profil des institutions francophones”, in Anne Gilbert (Ed.), Territoires francophones : Études géographiques sur la vitalité des communautés francophones du Canada, Quebec, Septentrion, p. 56-89.
- Bakvis, Herman & Luc Juillet (2004). The horizontal challenge: Line departments, central agencies and leadership, Ottawa, Canada School of Public Service.
- Barry, Brian (2001). Culture and equality: An egalitarian critique of multiculturalism, Cambridge, Harvard University Press.
- Benedikter, Thomas (2007). The world’s working regional autonomies: An introduction and comparative analysis, Delhi, Anthem Press.
- Benhabib, Seyla (2002). The claims of culture: Equality and diversity in the global era, Princeton, Princeton University Press.
- Bourgeois, Daniel (2006). Canadian bilingual districts: From cornerstone to tombstone, Montreal and Kingston, McGill-Queen’s University Press.
- Breton, Raymond (1964). “Institutional Completeness of Ethnic Communities and the Personal Relations of Immigrants”, American Journal of Sociology, vol. 70, no. 2, p. 193-205.
- Canadian Institute for Research on Linguistic Minorities (2010). What Autonomy and Recognition for Official Language Minority Communities?, Moncton.
- Cardinal, Linda (2007). “Language Politics and Horizontal Governance”, International Journal of the Sociology of Language, no. 185, p. 89-107.
- Cardinal, Linda & Marie-Ève Hudon (2001). The governance of Canada’s official language minorities: A preliminary study, Ottawa, Office of the Commissioner of Official Languages.
- Cardinal, Linda, Stéphane Lang, & Anik Sauvé (2009). “La coordination des langues officielles et la formulation des politiques publiques : apprendre à travailler autrement”, in Dimitrios Karmis & Linda Cardinal (eds.), Les politiques publiques au Canada : pouvoirs, conflits et idéologies, Sainte Foy, Presses de l’Université Laval, p. 155-179.
- Cardinal, Linda, Stéphane Lang, & Anik Sauvé (2008). “Les minorités francophones hors Québec et la gouvernance des langues officielles : portrait et enjeux”, Francophonies d’Amérique, no. 26 (Fall), p. 209-233.
- Coakley, John (1994). “Approaches to the Resolution of Ethnic Conflict: The Strategy of Non-territorial Autonomy”, International Political Science Review, vol. 15, no. 3, p. 297-314.
- Commission nationale des parents francophones (2005). Le meilleur est… avenir !, Ottawa, Commission nationale des parents francophones.
- Denis, Wilfrid (1994). “L’État et les minorités : de la domination à l’autonomie”, Sociologie et sociétés, vol. 26, no. 1, p. 133-153.
- Fédération des communautés francophones et acadiennes du Canada (2007). De mille regards, nous avons créé une vision : Actes du Sommet des communautés francophones et acadiennes, Ottawa.
- Fédération des communautés francophones et acadiennes du Canada (1992). Dessein 2000 : Pour un espace francophone, Ottawa, Fédération des communautés francophones et acadiennes du Canada.
- Fédération des francophones hors Québec (1982). Pour nous inscrire dans l’avenir : Rapport du comité de la politique de développement global de la Fédération des francophones du Québec, Ottawa, Fédération des francophones hors Québec.
- Fédération des francophones hors Québec (1979), Pour ne plus être… sans pays, Ottawa, Fédération des francophones hors Québec.
- Fédération des francophones hors Québec (1977). Les héritiers de Lord Durham, Ottawa, Fédération des francophones hors Québec.
- Forgues, Éric (2010). “La gouvernance des communautés francophones en situation minoritaire et le partenariat avec l’État”, Politique et sociétés, vol. 29, no. 1, p. 71-90.
- Forgues, Éric (2007). Du conflit au compromis linguistique, Moncton, Institut canadien de recherche sur les minorités linguistiques.
- Government of Canada (2008). Roadmap for Canada’s linguistic duality 2008-2013: Acting for the future, Ottawa, Government of Canada.
- Government of Canada (2005). Official Languages Act, Ottawa, Department of Justice.
- Government of Canada (2003). The Next act: New momentum for Canada’s linguistic duality: The action plan for official languages, Ottawa, Government of Canada.
- Government of Canada (1988). Official Languages Act, Ottawa, Department of Justice.
- Government of Canada (1982). Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms, Ottawa, Department of Justice.
- Government of Canada (1969). Official Languages Act, Ottawa, Department of Justice.
- Ignatieff, Michael (2000). The rights revolution, Toronto, Anansi Press.
- Kymlicka, Will (1995). Multicultural citizenship: A liberal theory of minority rights, New York, Oxford University Press.
- Laitin, David (1998). “Liberal theory and the nation”, Political Theory, vol. 26, no. 2, p. 221-236.
- Lapidoth, Ruth (1997). Autonomy: Flexible solutions to ethnic conflicts, Washington, United States Institute for Peace Press.
- Magord, André (2008). The quest for autonomy in Acadia, Brussels, Peter Lang.
- McRae, Kenneth (1975). “The principle of territoriality and the principle of personality in multilingual states”, Linguistics, no. 158, p. 33-54.
- McRoberts, Kenneth (1997). Misconceiving Canada: The struggles for national unity, Toronto, Oxford University Press.
- Nimni, Ephraim (2010). “Cultural minority self-governance”, in Marc Weller and Katherine Nobbs (eds.), Political participation of minorities: A commentary on international standards and practice, New York, Oxford University Press, p. 634-660.
- Potier, Tim (2001). Conflict in Nagorno-Karabakh, Abkhazia and South Ossetia: A legal appraisal, The Hague, Kluwer International Law.
- Roach, Steven (2004). “Minority rights and an emergent international right to autonomy: A historical and normative assessment”, International Journal on Minority and Group Rights, no. 11, p. 411-432.
- Royal Commission on Bilingualism and Biculturalism (1967). General introduction and book 1: The official languages, Ottawa, Queen’s Printer.
- Saurette, Paul (2010). When smart parties make stupid decisions, The Mark. Online: http://www.themarknews.com/articles/1907-when-smart-parties-make-stupid-decisions (consulted on 19 June 2011).
- Savoie, Donald (2008). Horizontal management of official languages, Ottawa, Office of the Commissioner of Official Languages.
- Seymour, Michel (2008). De la tolérance à la reconnaissance, Montreal, Boréal.
- Suksi, Markku (2008). “Functional autonomy: The case of Finland with some notes on the basis of international human rights law and comparisons with other cases”, International Journal on Minority and Group Rights, no. 15, p. 195-225.
- Taylor, Charles (1992). Multiculturalism and “The politics of recognition”, Princeton, Princeton University Press.
- Thériault, Joseph Yvon (2007). Faire société : Société civile et espaces francophones, Sudbury, Prise de Parole.
- Thériault, Joseph Yvon & E.-Martin Meunier (2008). “Que reste-t-il de l’intention vitale du Canada français ?”, in Joseph Yvon Thériault, Anne Gilbert and Linda Cardinal (Eds.), L’espace francophone en milieu minoritaire : nouveaux enjeux, nouvelles mobilisations, p. 205-238.
- Tkacik, Michael (2008). “Characteristics of forms of autonomy”, International Journal on Minority and Group Rights, no. 15, p. 369-401.
- Weller, Marc & Katherine Nobbs (2010). Political participation of minorities: A commentary on international standards and practice, New York, Oxford University Press.
- Wolff, Stefan & Marc Weller (2005). “Self-determination and autonomy: A conceptual introduction”, in Marc Weller & Stefan Wolff (eds.), Autonomy, self-governance and conflict resolution: Innovative approaches to institutional design in divided societies, New York, Routledge, p. 1-25.
10.7202/037982ar