Résumés
Abstract
Current trends show that governments and health institutions in Canada and other developed nations are responding inadequately to the growing need for health services of the increasingly aging population. The Analysis of Statistics Canada’s 2006 post-census Survey on the Vitality of Official Language Minorities show that in addition to age and other socio-demographic determinants, linguistic barriers affect the self-rated health of seniors of official languages living in a minority situation. This study suggests among other things a greater understanding of Official language minorities’ contextual realities, the improvement of both the linguistic environment and services in the minority language.
Keywords:
- health determinants,
- minority status,
- self-rated health,
- linguistic minorities,
- older adults
Résumé
La tendance actuelle montre que les institutions des services de santé et les gouvernements répondent de façon inadéquate aux besoins de plus en plus nombreux d’accès aux services de santé par les populations vieillissantes du Canada et d’autres pays développés. Après l’analyse de l’enquête post-censitaire 2006 de Statistiques Canada sur la Vitalité des Minorités de Langue Officielle, cette étude démontre qu’outre l’age, et en plus d’autres déterminants, les barrières linguistiques auxquelles font face les aînés de langue officielle en situation minoritaire affectent davantage l’autoévaluation de leur santé. Cette étude suggère quelques pistes de solution dont la compréhension des réalités contextuelles, l’amélioration de l’environnement linguistique et des services de santé dans la langue minoritaire.
Mots-clés :
- déterminants de la santé,
- statut minoritaire,
- santé perçue,
- minorités linguistiques,
- aînés
Veuillez télécharger l’article en PDF pour le lire.
Télécharger
Parties annexes
Bibliography
- Andersen, Ronald, & John F. Newman (1973). «Societal and individual determinants of medical care utilization in the United States», Milbank Memorial Fund Quarterly: Health and Society, vol. 51, no. 1, (Winter), p. 95-124.
- Austin, Stephanie (2004). « Une étude sur le vécu des femmes francophones atteintes du cancer du sein », Canadian Woman Studies/Les cahiers de la femme, vol. 24, no. 1, p. 43-46.
- Bayliss, Elizabeth, Jennifer Ellis, & John F. Steiner (2007). «Barriers to self-management and quality-of-life outcomes in seniors with multimorbidities». Annals of Family Medicine, vol. 5, no. 5, p. 395-402. Available from URL: http://www.annfammed.org/cgi/reprint/5/5/395
- Blankmeyer, Eric (2006). «How robust is linear regression with dummy variables?», Faculty Publications – Finance and Economics, vol. 2, p. 1-14. Available from URL: http://ecommons.txstate.edu/fiaefacp/2/
- Bluestein, Daniel, & Carolyn M. Rutledge (2006). «Perceived health and geriatric risk stratification: Observations from family practice», Canadian Family Physician, vol. 52, (May), p. 626-627. Available from URL: http://www.cfp.ca/cgi/reprint/52/5/626.pdf
- Bouchard, Louise, Anne Gilbert, Rodrigue Landry, & Kenneth Deveau (2006). «Social capital, health, and Francophone minorities», Canadian Journal of Public Health, vol. 97, supplement 2, (May-June), p. S16-S20.
- Bouchard, Louise, Isabelle Gaboury, Marie-Hélène Chomienne, Anne Gilbert, & Lise Dubois (2009). «Health in language minority situation», Health Care Policy, vol. 4, no. 4, p. 36-42.
- Bowen, Susan (2004). Language barriers within the Winnipeg Regional Health Authority: Evidence and implications, Winnipeg Regional Health Authority.
- Casey, Michele M., Kathleen Thiede Call, & Jill M. Klinger (2001). «Are rural residents less likely to obtain recommended preventive healthcare services?», American Journal of Preventive Medicine, vol. 21, no. 3, (October), p. 182-188.
- Chen, Henian, Patricia Cohen, & Stephanie Kasen (2007). «Cohort differences in self-rated health: Evidence from a three-decade, community-based, longitudinal study of women», American Journal of Epidemiology, vol. 166, no. 4, p. 439-446. Available from URL: http://aje.oxfordjournals.org/cgi/reprint/166/4/439
- Cicero, Theodore G., Gordon Wong, Yuhong Tian, Michael Lynskey, Alexandre Todorov, & Keith Isenberg (2009). «Co-morbidity and utilization of medical services by pain patients receiving opioid medications: Data from an insurance claims database», Pain, vol. 144, nos. 1-2, (July), p. 20-27.
- Citizenship and Immigration Canada. Sponsorship of parents, grandparents, adopted children and other relatives: The sponsor’s guide (IMM 5196), Available from URL: http://www.cic.gc.ca/english/information/applications/guides/5196e10.asp
- Corbeil, Jean-Pierre, Claude Grenier, & Sylvie Lafrenière (2006). Minorities speak up: Results of the Survey on the Vitality of the Official-Language Minorities, Ottawa, Statistics Canada.
- Crawford, S. Michael, Violet Sauerzapf, Robin Haynes, Huifang Zhao, David Forman, & Andrew P. Jones (2009). «Social and geographical factors affecting access to treatment of lung cancer», British Journal of Cancer, vol. 101, no. 6, p. 897-901. Available from URL: http://www.nature.com/bjc/journal/v101/n6/full/6605257a.html
- Davenport, Jamie, Thomas A. Rathwell, & Mark W. Rosenberg (2009). «Aging in Atlantic Canada: Service-rich and service-poor communities», Healthcare Policy, vol. 5, no. 1, p. 145-60. Available from URL: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2732661/pdf/policy-05-e145.pdf?tool=pmcentrez
- Diehl, Andrew K., Thomas J. Westwick, Robert G. Badgett, Nancy J. Sugarek, & Knox H. Todd (1993). «Clinical and sociocultural determinants of gallstone treatment», The American Journal of the Medical Sciences, vol. 305, no. 6, p. 383-386.
- Donaldson, Liam (1986). «Health and social status of elderly Asians: A community survey», British Medical Journal, vol. 293, p. 1079-1082.
- Duke University. Testing the assumptions of linear regression, [online], consulted May 23, 2010. Available from URL: http://www.duke.edu/~rnau/testing.htm
- Facione, Noreen C. (1999). «Breast cancer screening in relation to access to health services», Oncology Nursing Forum, vol. 26, no. 4, p. 689-696.
- Fiscella, Kevin, Peter Franks, Mark P. Doescher, & Barry Saver (2002). «Disparities in health care by race, ethnicity, and language among the insured: Findings from a national sample», Medical Care, vol. 40, p. 52-59.
- Flett, Ross, Paul Hirini, Nigel Long, & Michelle Millar (2004). «Predictors of health care utilization in community dwelling New Zealand Maori», South Pacific Journal of Psychology, vol. 15, no. 1, p. 1-10. Available from URL: http://spjp.massey.ac.nz/issues/2004-v15/v15_flett.pdf
- Franzini, Luisa, & Margherita Giannoni (2010). «Determinants of health disparities between Italian regions», BMC Public Health, vol. 10, no. 296, p. 1-10. Available from URL: http://www.biomedcentral.com/content/pdf/1471-2458-10-296.pdf
- Frohlich, Katherine, Nancy Ross, & Chantelle Richmond (2006). «Health disparities in Canada today: Some evidence and a theoretical framework», Health Policy, vol. 79, no. 2-3, p. 132-143.
- Gany, Francesca, & Quyen Ngo-Metzger (2007). «Language barriers in health care: Special supplement to the Journal of General Internal Medicine», Journal of General Internal Medicine, vol. 22, suppl. 2, (November).
- Garrettson, Mariana, Vera Walline, Janelle Heisler, & Janet Townsend (2010). «New medical schools engages rural communities to conduct regional health assessment», Family Medicine, vol. 42, no. 10, (November-December), p. 693-701.
- Gerrish, Kate (2001), «The nature and effect of communication difficulties arising from interactions between district nurses and South Asian patients and their carers», Journal of Advanced Nursing, vol. 33, no. 5, p. 566-574.
- Goins, R. Turner, Judith C. Hays, Laurence Landerman, & Gerry Hobbs (2001). «Access to health care and self-rated health among community-dwelling older adults», Journal of Applied Gerontology, vol. 20, no. 3, p. 307-321. Available from URL: http://jag.sagepub.com/cgi/content/abstract/20/3/307
- Government of Canada, Canada’s aging population, [online], consulted 23 june, 2010. Available from URL: http://dsp-psd.pwgsc.gc.ca/Collection/H39-608-2002E.pdf
- Health Canada (2007). Report to the Federal minister of health: Towards a new leadership for the improvement of health services in French. Available from URL: http://www.hc-sc.gc.ca/ahc-asc/alt_formats/hpb-dgps/pdf/olcdb-baclo/cccfsm/2007-cccfsm/2007-cccfsm-eng.pdf
- Hong, Tantina, Eugene Oddone, Kevin Weinfurt, Joelle Friedman, Kevin Schulman, & Hayden Bosworth (2004). «The relationship between perceived barriers to healthcare and self-rated health», Psychology, Health & Medicine, vol. 9, no. 4, p. 476-482. Available from URL: http://www.informaworld.com/smpp/239785680-49164219/content~db=all~content=a713997438
- Hor, Ching-Lai, Simon J. Watson, & Shanti Majithia (2005). «Analyzing the impact of weather variables on monthly electricity demand», IEEE Transactions on Power Systems, vol. 20, no. 4, Available from URL: http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=1525139
- Human Resources and Skills Development Canada, Life expectancy at birth, [online], consulted 10 May, 2010. Available from URL: http://www4.hrsdc.gc.ca/.3ndic.1t.4r@-eng.jsp?iid=3
- Karlsen, Saffron, James Y. Nazroo, & Rob Stephenson (2002). «Ethnicity, environment and health: Putting ethnic inequalities in health in their place», Social Science and Medicine, vol. 55, no. 9, p. 1647-1661.
- Katz, Steven J., Ronald C. Kessler, Richard G. Frank, Philip Leaf, Elizabeth Lin, & Mark Edlund (1997). «The use of outpatient mental health services in the United States and Ontario: the impact of mental morbidity and perceived need for care», American Journal of Public Health, vol. 87, no. 7, p. 1136-1143. Available from URL: http://ajph.aphapublications.org/cgi/reprint/87/7/1136
- Katzmarzyk, Peter T., & I-Min Lee (2012). «Sedentary behaviour and life expectancy in the USA: A cause-deleted life table analysis», BMJ Open, vol. 2, no. 4. Available from URL: http://bmjopen.bmj.com/content/2/4/e000828.full?sid=46f88344-fd2f-4824-9796-978fea29d201
- Lekander, Mats, Stig Elofsson, Ing-Marie Neve, Lars-Olof Hansson, & Anna-Lena Undén (2004). «Self-rated health is related to levels of circulating cytokines», Psychosomatic Medicine, vol 66, no. 4, p. 559-563. Available from URL: http://www.psychosomaticmedicine.org/content/66/4/559.full.pdf+html
- Marmen, Louise, & Sylvain Delisle (2003). «Healthcare in French outside Quebec», Canadian Social Trends, Statistics Canada, Catalogue 11-008, vol. 71, (Winter), p. 24-27.
- Martel, Laurent, & Alain Bélanger (2000). «Dependence-free life expectancy in Canada», Canadian Social Trends, Statistics Canada, Catalogue 11-008, vol. 58, (Fall), p. 26-29. Available from URL: http://www.statcan.gc.ca/pub/11-008-x/2000002/article/5167-eng.pdf
- Mavaddat, Nahal, Ann Louise Kinmonth, Simon Sanderson, Paul Surtees, Sheila Bingham, & Kay Tee Khaw (2010). «What determines self-rated health (SRH)? A cross-sectional study of SF-36 health domains in the EPIC-Norfolk cohort», Journal of Epidemiology & Community Health, (June 15), p. 1-7. Available from URL: http://jech.bmj.com/content/early/2010/06/15/jech.2009.090845.full.pdf
- Mellor, Jennifer, & Jeffrey Milyo (2004). «Individual health status and racial minority concentration in US states and counties», Am J Public Health, vol. 94, no. 6, (June), p. 1043-1048.
- Miura, Hiroko, Makoto Kariyasu, Kiyoko Yamasaki, & Yasunori Sumi (2004). «Physical, mental and social factors affecting self-rated verbal communication among elderly individuals», Geriatrics and Gerontology International, vol. 4, no. 2, (June), p. 100-104. Available from URL: http://www3.interscience.wiley.com/journal/118810326/abstract?CRETRY=1&SRETRY=0
- Phillips, Owen (2004). «Using bootstrap weights with Wes Var and SUDAAN», Statistics Canada Research Data Sentres Information and Technical Bulletin, vol. 1, no. 2, (Fall), Available from URL: http://www.statcan.gc.ca/pub/12-002-x/2004002/pdf/4228624-eng.pdf
- Pickett, Kate E., & Richard G. Wilkinson (2008). «People like us: Ethnic group density effects on health», Ethnicity & Health, vol. 13, no. 4, (September), p. 321-334.
- Pires, Ana, & Isabel Rodrigues (2007). «Multiple linear regression with some correlated errors: classical and robust methods», Statistics of Medecine, vol. 26, no. 15, (July 10), p. 2901-2918.
- Plouffe, Louise A. (2003). «Addressing social and gender inequalities in health among seniors in Canada», Cad. Saúde Pública, vol. 19, no. 3, (May-June), p. 855-860.
- Ponce, Ninez, Leighton Ku, William Cunningham, & E. Richard Brown (2006). «Language barriers to health care access among Medicare beneficiaries», Inquiry Journal, vol. 43, no. 1, (March), p. 66-76.
- Public Health Agency of Canada, Seniors falls, [online], consulted 10 May, 2010. Available from URL: http://www.phac-aspc.gc.ca/seniors-aines/pubs/seniors_falls/foreword_e.htm#statistics
- Rice, Dorothy P., & Jacob J. Feldman (1983). «Living longer in the United States: Demographic changes and health needs of the elderly», Milbank Memorial Fund Quarterly. Health and Society, vol. 61, no. 3, (Summer), p. 362-396. Available from URL: http://www.jstor.org/pss/3349863
- Schyve, Paul M. (2007). «Language differences as a barrier to quality and safety in health care: The joint commission perspective», Journal of General Internal Medicine, vol. 22, suppl. 2, p. 360-361.
- Smedley, Brian D., Adrienne Y. Stith, & Alan Nelson (2003). «Unequal treatment: Confronting racial and ethnic disparities in health care», Washington, National Academies Press.
- Skinner, Mark W., Mark W. Rosenberg, Sarah A. Lovell, James R. Dunn, John C. Everitt, Neil Hanlon, & Thomas A. Rathwell (2008). «Services for seniors in small-town Canada: The paradox of community», Canadian Journal of Nursing Research, vol. 40, no. 1, (March), p. 80-101.
- Solis, Julia M., Gary Marks, Melinda Garcia, & David Shelton (1990). «Acculturation, access to care, and the use of preventive services by Hispanics: Findings from HHANES 1982-84», American Journal of Public Health, vol. 80, suppl., p. 11-19.
- Stafford, Mai, Laia Becares, & James Nazroo (2009). «Objective and perceived ethnic density and health: Findings from a United Kingdom general population survey», American Journal of Epidemiology, vol. 170, no. 4, p. 484-493.
- Statistics Canada, Low-income cut-offs, [online], consulted 17 april, 2010. Available from URL: http://www.statcan.gc.ca/bsolc/olc-cel/olc-cel?catno=13-551-X&lang=eng
- Statistics Canada, Life expectancy at birth by sex, by province, [online], consulted 10 May, 2010. Available from URL: http://www40.statcan.gc.ca/l01/cst01/health26-eng.htm
- Stein, Judith A., & Sarah A. Fox (1990). «Language preference as an indicator of mammography use among Hispanic women», Journal of the National Cancer Institute, vol. 82, no. 21, p. 1715-1716.
- Suwal, Juhee J, (2007). «Health and mental health of visible minority seniors and their health care utilization pattern», Department of Family Medecine, University of Alberta, Presentation at the 35th NAPCRG Conference, Vancouver, BC, October.
- The Canadian Health Services Research Foundation, Myth: The aging population will overwhelm the healthcare system, Available from URL: http://www.cfhi-fcass.ca/Migrated/PDF/myth5_e.pdf
- Wilkins, Russel, Jean-Marie Berthelot, & Edward Ng (2002). «Trends in mortality by neighbourhood income in urban Canada from 1971 to 1996», Supplement to Health Reports, Statistics Canada, Catalogue 82-003, vol. 13, p. 45-72.
- Wise, David A. (1997). «Retirement against the demographic trend: more older people living longer, working less, and saving less», Demography, vol. 34, no. 1, (February), p. 83-95. Available from URL: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9074833
- World Health Organization, Health impact assessment: the determinants of health, [online], consulted 27 April, 2010. Available from URL: http://www.who.int/hia/evidence/doh/en/index.html
- Young, Joseph T., Jane Menken, Jill Williams, Nizam Khan, & Randall S. Kuhn (2006). «Who receives healthcare? Age and sex differentials in adult use of healthcare services in rural Bangladesh», World Health & Population, vol. 8, no. 2, p. 83-100.