Résumés
Résumé
La phylogénie moléculaire a pour but de reconstruire les relations de parenté entre des séquences de nucléotides ou d’acides aminés. On peut ainsi étudier les relations de parenté entre les espèces qui les portent mais, aussi, l’évolution du génome. En particulier, pour chaque famille multigénique, on peut déterminer l’importance relative des événements de duplications et de transferts horizontaux de gènes. La fiabilité des méthodes de reconstruction phylogénétique repose sur la compréhension des mécanismes d’évolution des séquences, un domaine qui a beaucoup progressé ces dernières années. Cela a abouti à une vision sans cesse plus correcte de l’arbre universel du vivant. L’étude des contraintes fonctionnelles agissant sur les protéines bénéficie de ces avancées. En particulier, la détection, dans une protéine, des positions qui sont soumises à une sélection darwinienne est devenue assez performante, permettant de prédire les substitutions à l’origine d’un changement de fonction et donc de guider les études expérimentales.
Summary
The aim of molecular phylogenetics is to reconstruct the genealogical relationships between nucleic or amino acid sequences. The phylogeny of the species bearing these sequences can be then inferred, but also the molecular evolution of the genomes can be analysed. For gene families, the relative importance of gene duplications and horizontal gene transfers can be examined. The reliability of the methods used to infer molecular phylogenies relies on the accuracy of our knowledge about the mechanisms of sequence evolution. Tremendous progresses have been done in this field of research in the last few years that helped us to get a better picture of the universal tree of life. The methods to analyse the selective constraints acting at the protein level have also been much improved. In particular, the detection of the sites in a protein which are under positive darwinian selection is getting more powerful. It is now possible to use the prediction about the critical residues associated to functional shift as a guide for further experimental approaches.
Parties annexes
Références
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