Résumés
Résumé
Les mycorhizes arbusculaires constituent la symbiose végétale la plus répandue à l’échelle planétaire. Les champignons concernés, regroupés dans le phylum Glomeromycota et distribués sur l’ensemble des écosystèmes, colonisent la majorité des plantes terrestres. Aux avantages bien connus des mycorhizes sur la croissance végétale, s’ajoutent plusieurs bénéfices, notamment pour la survie des plantes, leur biodiversité, l’impact sur la microflore du sol et le potentiel d’agent de réduction des stress tant abiotiques que biotiques. Devant une telle panoplie d’avantages pour les plantes et l’environnement, on pourrait croire que les mycorhizes représentent une panacée à plusieurs problèmes liés à la production et à la protection des végétaux. Le complexe « plante-mycorhize-parasite-environnement » constitue la norme à maintenir ou à retrouver pour assurer la durabilité de l’environnement. Le fonctionnement des mycorhizes comme agent de lutte biologique touche globalement cinq mécanismes d’interaction. Certains concernent directement la plante, soit : 1) une stimulation de croissance par le biais d’un apport nutritif accru et une meilleure santé végétale, 2) une transformation morphologique au niveau racinaire, 3) l’induction ou la suppression de mécanismes de défense, notamment ceux impliquant plusieurs enzymes. D’autres agissent sur le parasite : 4) via une compétition directe avec les champignons mycorhiziens liée à la disponibilité de nutriments et de sites d’infection, et sur la structure et la qualité du sol, par le biais d’une 5) modification de la microflore et de l’augmentation du taux de matière organique.
Mots clés:
- Lutte biologique,
- mécanismes d’action,
- mycorhizes arbusculaires,
- symbiose
Abstract
[Mycorrhizae: a potential tool for plant protection but not a panacea]
Arbuscular mycorrhizae are the plant symbiosis the most widely spread on the planet. These fungi, grouped in the phylum Glomeromycota, are distributed over all terrestrial ecosystems and found associated with the majority of land plants. To the well-known positive impacts of arbuscular mycorrhizae on plant yields should be added several other benefits such as a better survival rate of colonized plants, the maintenance of plant biodiversity, the improvement of soil microflora, and the reduction in harmful effects of both biotic and abiotic environmental stresses. Given such a panoply of benefits to plants and their environment, one could believe that mycorrhizae represent a panacea for solving problems related to plant production and plant protection. In fact, the “plant-mycorrhizae-pathogen-environment” complex constitutes a standard condition to be maintained or to be recovered in order to ensure the sustainability of the environment. The potential of mycorrhizae as a biocontrol agent globally covers five known mechanisms of interaction. Three of them concern the direct effect of symbiosis on plants. They are: 1) plant growth stimulation through an increased nutritive contribution and, consequently, better plant health; 2) the morphological transformation of the root system; and 3) the induction or suppression of defense mechanisms, and this mainly at the enzymatic level. Another mechanism concerns the pathogen: 4) through a direct competition with mycorrhizal fungi linked with nutrient availability and infection sites. Finally, mycorrhizae indirectly influence the soil structure and quality through: 5) the modification of the soil microflora and an increase in organic matter.
Keywords:
- Action mechanisms,
- arbuscular mycorrhizae,
- biological control,
- symbiosis
Parties annexes
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