Résumés
Abstract
Refugee claimants who have received a negative decision from the Immigration and Refugee Board sometimes seek judicial treview at the Federal Court in Canada. Previous statistical studies, in particular Sean Rehaag’s (2012) study, “The Luck of the Draw,” have reported that rejected refugee claimants seeking judicial review face low and inconsistent leave grant rates, with chances of success largely dependent on judge assignment. The present research looks beyond these quantitative findings to identify additional factors that may explain the troubling statistics. To this end, four researchers manually reviewed 50 leave applications submitted between 2005 and 2010 and included in Rehaag’s (2012) data set. The results of this qualitative analysis are disturbing: a significant number of rejected leave applications had been poorly prepared, and a number of facially strong cases were denied leave. These results suggest that leave grant rates could rise if the quality of legal representation were enhanced. They also indicate that rejected refugee claimants would benefit from clear and uniformly applied criteria for granting leave.
Keywords:
- refugee,
- appeal,
- judicial review,
- Federal Court,
- Canada
Résumé
Les demandeurs d’asile ayant reçu une décision négative de la Commission de l’immigration et du statut de réfugié font parfois une demande en révision judiciaire à la Cour fédérale du Canada. Des études statistiques antérieures, et particulièrement l’étude de Sean Rehaag (2012) « The Luck of the Draw », ont signalé que les demandeurs d’asile déboutés demandant une révision judiciaire font face à des taux d’acceptation des demandes d’autorisation bas et inconstants, les chances de succès dépendant largement du juge désigné. La présente recherche cherche à aller au-delà de ces résultats quantitatifs afin d’identifier des facteurs additionnels pouvant expliquer ces statistiques troublantes. À cette fin, quatre chercheurs ont révisé manuellement 50 demandes d’autorisation soumises entre 2005 et 2010, un échantillon des dossiers examinés par Rehaag (2012). Les résultats de cette analyse qualitative sont inquiétants. Un nombre significatif de demandes d’autorisation rejetées ont été mal préparées et un nombre de cas de prime abord solides se sont vus refuser l’autorisation. Ces résultats suggèrent que les taux d’autorisations accordées pourraient augmenter si la qualité de la représentation légale était améliorée. Ils indiquent également que les demandeurs d’asile déboutés bénéficieraient de la mise en place de critères clairs et uniformément appliqués en ce qui concerne l’acceptation des demandes d’autorisation.
Parties annexes
Bibliography
- Anderson, J. M., & Heaton, P. (2012). How much difference does the lawyer make? The effect of defense counsel on murder case outcomes. Yale Law Journal, 122(1), 154–217.
- Arulampalan v Canada (1989), 8 Imm LR (2d) 172.
- Bains v Canada (1990), 47 Admin LR 317.
- Barutciski, M. (2012). The impact of the lack of legal representation in the Canadian asylum process. UNHCR. https://www.refworld.org/docid/5100fbe02.html
- Butler, D. (2011, November 27). Federal court judges independent and free of ideology, retired chief justice says. Ottawa Citizen.
- Canadian Council for Refugees. (2012). The experience of refugee claimants at refugee hearings at the immigration and refugee board.
- Canadian Council for Refugees. (2014). The experience of refugee claimants at refugee hearings at the immigration and refugee board.
- Canadian Press. (2019, April 15). Legal Aid Ontario will stop accepting new immigration, refugee cases following cuts. https://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/toronto/legal-aid-ontario-cuts-1.5099348
- CBC News. (2017, June 28). BC legal aid suspends immigration and refugee services due to lack of funding. https://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/british-columbia/b-c-legal-aid-suspends-immigration-and-refugee-services-due-to-lack-of-funding-1.4181352
- Federal Courts Citizenship. Immigration and Refugee Protection Rules, SOR/93-22, s 5.
- Gould, J. B., Sheppard, C., & Wheeldon, J. (2010). A refugee from justice? Disparate treatment in the federal court of Canada. Law & Policy, 34(4), 454–486. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9930.2010.00325.x
- Greene, I., Baar, C., McCormick, P., Szablowski, G. & Thomas, M. (1998). Final appeal: Decision-making in Canadian courts of appeal. James Lorimer & Company.
- Greene, I., & Shaffer, P. (1992). Leave to appeal and leave to commence judicial review in Canada’s refugee-determination system: Is the process fair? International Journal of Refugee Law, 4(2), 71–83. https://doi.org/10.1093/ijrl/4.1.71
- Immigration and Refugee Protection Act, SC 2001, c 27.
- Kagan, M. (2006). Frontier justice: Legal aid and UNHCR refugee status determination in Egypt. Journal of Refugee Studies, 19(1), 45–68. https://doi.org/10.1093/jrs/fej002
- Keung, N. (2017, March 31). As refugee numbers surge, federal legal aid funding shrinks. Toronto Star.
- Krishnapillai v Canada (2001) 378 FCA, [2002] 3 FC 4.
- Legal Aid Ontario. Refugee law panel standards. http://www.legalaid.on.ca/en/info/panel_standards_refugee.asp
- Macklin, A. (2009). Asylum and the rule of law in Canada: Hearing the other (side). In S. Kneebone (Ed.), Refugees, asylum seekers and the rule of law: Comparative perspectives (pp. 78–121). Cambridge University Press.
- Miller, B., Keith L. C., & Holmes, J. S. (2015). Leveling the odds: The effect of quality legal representation in cases of asymmetrical capability. Law & Society Review 49(1), 209–239. https://doi.org/10.1111/lasr.12123
- Mojtehedzadeh, S. (2019, April 11). Cuts to legal aid leave refugees, immigrants in the lurch. Toronto Star.
- Poppe, E. S. T., & Rachlinski, J. J. (2016). Do lawyers matter? The effect of legal representation in civil disputes. Pepperdine Law Review 43(4), 881–942.
- Rehaag, S. (2011). The role of counsel in Canada’s refugee determination system: An empirical assessment. Osgoode Hall Law Journal, 49(1), 71–116. https://digitalcommons.osgoode.yorku.ca/ohlj/vol49/iss1/3/
- Rehaag, S. (2012). Judicial review of refugee determinations: The luck of the draw? Queens Law Journal, 38(1), 1–58. https://journal.queenslaw.ca/sites/journal/files/Issues/Vol%2038%20i1/1.%20Rehaag.pdf
- Rehaag, S. (2019). Judicial review of refugee determinations (II): Revisiting the luck of the draw. Queen’s Law Journal 45(1) 1–36.
- Rehaag, S., & Grant, A. (2016). Unappealing: An assessment of the limits on appeal rights in Canada’s new refugee determination system. UBC Law Review, 49(1), 203–274.
- Rousseau, C., Crépeau, F., Foxen, P., & Houle, P. (2002). The complexity of determining refugeehood: A multi-disciplinary analysis of the Canadian immigration and refugee board. Journal of Refugee Studies, 15(1), 43–70. https://doi.org/10.1093/jrs/15.1.43
- Schoenholtz, A. I., & Jacobs, J. (2002). The state of asylum representation: Ideas for change. Georgetown Immigration Law Journal, 16(4), 739–772.
- Shakespeare, W. (1984). The Oxford Shakespeare: Julius Caesar (A. Humphreys, Ed.). Oxford University Press.
- Shanahan, C. F., Carpenter A. E., & Mark, A. (2016). Lawyers, power, and strategic expertise. Denver Law Review, 93(2), 469–522.
- Singh v Canada (Minister of Employment and Immigration), [1985] 1 SCR 177.
- Thornton, E., & Gwin, B. (2012). High-quality legal representation for parents in child welfare cases results in improved outcomes for families and potential cost savings. Family Law Quarterly, 46(1), 139–154.
- Tomkinson. S. (2014). The impact of procedural capital and quality counsel in the Canadian refugee determination process. International Journal of Migration and Border Studies, 1(3), 276–290. https://doi.org/10.1504/IJMBS.2014.068969
- Tomkinson, S. (2018). Who are you afraid of and why? Inside the black box of refugee tribunals. Canadian Public Administration, 61(2), 184–204. https://doi.org/10.1111/capa.12275
- Tomkinson, S. (2019). Trois nuances de l’expertise stratégiquez: le rôle des avocats dans la procédure d’asile. Politique et Sociétés, 38(1), 99–128. https://doi.org/10.7202/1058292ar
- Virk v Canada (1991), 13 Imm LR (2d) 119.