Résumés
Abstract
Refugees have adopted solidarity actions during the COVID-19 pandemic, even after being left behind during health emergencies. This article contributes to the literature on solidarity and asylum by discussing refugees’ solidarity narratives towards vulnerable Brazilian groups, the refugee community, and the Brazilian population in general. The author conducted 29 in-depth semi-structured interviews with refugees living in Brazil between March 27 and April 6, 2020. Refugees’ past suffering experiences make them more empathic to other people’s suffering due to the pandemic, which creates an inclusive victim consciousness that seems to explain their solidarity narratives towards different groups.
Keywords:
- refugees,
- Brazil,
- solidarity,
- social conscience,
- COVID-19
Résumé
Les réfugiés adoptent des actions de solidarité pendant la pandémie de COVID-19, même en étant laissés derrière en situation d’urgence sanitaire. Cet article contribue à la littérature sur la solidarité et l’asile en abordant les récits de solidarité des réfugiés envers les groupes vulnérables du Brésil, la communauté des réfugiés et la population brésilienne en général. J’ai mené 29 entrevues approfondies semi-structurées avec des réfugiés vivant au Brésil entre le 27 mars et le 6 avril 2020. Les expériences de souffrance passées des réfugiés les rendent plus empathiques envers la souffrance vécue par d’autres en raison de la pandémie, ce qui crée une conscience de victime inclusive (Vollhardt, 2015) qui semble expliquer leurs récits de solidarité envers différents groupes.
Veuillez télécharger l’article en PDF pour le lire.
Télécharger
Parties annexes
Bibliography
- ACNUR. (2020, November 26). Refugiados somalis retribuem atos de gentileza no país onde foram acolhidos [Somali refugees reciprocate acts of kindness in the country where they were hosted]. https://www.acnur.org/portugues/2020/11/26/refugiados-somalis-retribuem-atos-de-gentileza-no-pais-onde-foram-acolhidos/
- Alam, H. (2021). Political borders are not natural orders—The COVID-19 pandemic in Frankfurt on the Main and its refugees. European Journal of Interdisciplinary Studies, 7(2), 1–12. https://doi.org/10.26417/961ynp98j
- Alio, M., Alrihawi, S., Milner, J., Noor, A., Wazefadost, N., & Zigashane, P. (2020). By refugees, for refugees: Refugee leadership during COVID-19, and beyond. International Journal of Refugee Law, 32(2), 370–373. https://doi.org/10.1093/ijrl/eeaa021
- ANSA. (2020, March 31). Refugees express solidarity with Italians in times of coronavirus. Infomigrants. https://www.infomigrants.net/en/post/23771/refugees-express-solidarity-with-italians-in-times-of-coronavirus
- Bauder, H., & Juffs, L. (2020). “Solidarity” in the migration and refugee literature: Analysis of a concept. Journal of Ethnic and Migration Studies, 46(1), 46–65. https://doi.org/10.1080/1369183X.2019.1627862
- Bentley, J. A., Mohamed, F., Feeny, N., Ahmed, L. B., Musa, K., Tubeec, A. M., Angula, D., Egeh, M. H., & Zoellner, L. (2020). Local to global: Somali perspectives on faith, community, and resilience in response to COVID-19. Psychological Trauma: Theory, Research, Practice, and Policy, 12(S1), S261–S263. https://doi.org/10.1037/tra0000854
- Betts, A., Easton-Calabria, E., & Pincock, K. (2020). Refugee-led responses in the fight against COVID-19: Building lasting participatory models. Forced Migration Review, 64, 73–76. https://www.fmreview.org/issue64/betts-eastoncalabria-pincock
- Cavicchioli, G. (2020, April 21). Refugiado sírio doa 900 marmitas para idosos durante pandemia [Syrian refugee donates 900 lunchboxes to elderly people during pandemic]. Yahoo Notícias. https://br.noticias.yahoo.com/refugiado-sirio-doa-900-marmitas-194610701.html
- CONARE & Obmigra. (2020). Resumo Executivo. Refúgio em Números, 5ª Edição. https://www.justica.gov.br/seus-direitos/refugio/anexos/RESUMOEXECUTIVO_REFGIOEMNMEROS.pdf
- Delfim, R. (2020a, May 4). Em meio a lacunas, ações de imigrantes e refugiados contra a pandemia ganham destaque [Amid gaps, actions by immigrants and refugees against the pandemic gain prominence]. Migramundo. https://www.migramundo.com/em-meio-a-lacunas-acoes-de-imigrantes-e-refugiados-contra-a-pandemia-ganham-destaque/
- Delfim, R. (2020b, June 22). No Dia do Refugiado, ONG formada por imigrantes entrega cestas básicas a 270 famílias em cinco Estados [On Refugee Day, an NGO formed by immigrants delivers basic food baskets to 270 families in five states]. Migramundo. https://www.migramundo.com/no-dia-do-refugiado-ong-formada-por-imigrantes-entrega-cestas-basicas-a-270-familias-em-cinco-estados/
- Elcheroth, G., & Drury, J. (2020). Collective resilience in times of crisis: Lessons from the literature for socially effective responses to the pandemic. British Journal of Social Psychology, 59(3), 703–713. https://doi.org/10.1111/bjso.12403
- Fiddian-Qasmiyeh, E., & Qasmiyeh, Y. M. (2020). Refugees’ pandemic responses in a Palestinian camp in Lebanon. Current History, 119(821), 349–355. https://doi.org/10.1525/curh.2020.119.821.349
- Hakiza, R., Betts, A., Easton-Calabria, E., & Pincock, K. (2020, April 29). Refugee groups fill gaps in COVID-19 response, and they need support. The New Humanitarian. https://www.thenewhumanitarian.org/opinion/2020/04/29/coronavirus-response-refugee-camps-humanitarian-aid
- Hargreaves, S., Kumar, B. N., McKee, M., Jones, L., & Veizis, A. (2020). Europe’s migrant containment policies threaten the response to COVID-19. BMJ, 368, Article m1213. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj.m1213
- Høffding, S., & Martiny, K. (2016). Framing a phenomenological interview: What, why and how. Phenomenology and the Cognitive Sciences, 15(4), 539–564. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11097-015-9433-z
- Hynes, T. (2003). The issue of “trust” or “mistrust” in research with refugees: Choices, caveats and considerations for researchers (UNHCR Working Paper no. 98). https://www.unhcr.org/research/working/3fcb5cee1/issue-trust-mistrust-research-refugees-choices-caveats-considerations-researchers.html
- International Association for the Study of Forced Migration. (2019). IASFM code of ethics: Critical reflections on research ethics in situations of forced migration. Forced Migration Review, 61, 13–14.
- Jatobá, D., & Martuscelli, P. N. (2018). Brazil as a leader in the Latin American refugees’ regime. The Journal of International Relations, Peace Studies, and Development, 4(1), Article 4. https://scholarworks.arcadia.edu/agsjournal/vol4/iss1/4/
- Jubilut, L. L., Annoni, D., Casagrande, M. M., Lopes, R. O., Yaghsisian, A. M., Kosiak, A. C. C., Haile, A. P., Garcez, G. S., Yamamoto, L., Oliveira, N. R., Martuscelli, P. N., Puccinelli, S. M. M., Cardoso, S. A., & Speranza, Y. M. M. P. (2020). Direitos Humanos e COVID-19: Respostas Estratégicas de Enfrentamento [Human rights and COVID-19: Strategic coping responses]. Universidade Católica de Santos Grupo de Pesquisa “Direitos Humanos e Vulnerabilidades.” https://www.unisantos.br/wp-content/uploads/2020/06/Direitos-Humanos-e-Covid-19-Respostas-e-Estrat%C3%A9gias-de-Enfrentamento.pdf
- Keller, A. S., & Wagner, B. D. (2020). COVID-19 and immigration detention in the USA: Time to act. The Lancet Public Health, 5(5), e245–e246. https://doi.org/10.1016/S2468-2667(20)30081-5
- Kluge, H. H. P., Jakab, Z., Bartovic, J., D’Anna, V., & Severoni, S. (2020). Refugee and migrant health in the COVID-19 response. The Lancet, 395(10232), 1237–1239. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(20)30791-1
- Krystalli, R. C. (2021). Narrating victimhood: Dilemmas and (in)dignities. International Feminist Journal of Politics, 23(1), 125–146. https://doi.org/10.1080/14616742.2020.1861961
- Libal, K., & Kashwan, P. (2020). Solidarity in times of crisis. Journal of Human Rights, 19(5), 537–546. https://doi.org/10.1080/14754835.2020.1830046
- Lindsay, F. (2020, March 27). The refugees in Cyprus giving back during the coronavirus crisis. Forbes. https://www.forbes.com/sites/freylindsay/2020/03/27/the-refugees-in-cyprus-giving-back-during-the-coronavirus-crisis/#1669e3f92fb1
- Martuscelli, P. N. (2021). How are forcibly displaced people affected by the COVID-19 pandemic outbreak? Evidence from Brazil. American Behavioral Scientist, 65(10), 1342–1364. https://doi.org/10.1177/00027642211000402
- Mcdonald-Gibson, C. (2020, April 28). Healthcare workers from refugee backgrounds want to help fight COVID-19. One man’s journey shows how that might be possible. Time. https://time.com/5826166/refugees-coronavirus-healthcare/
- Noy, C. (2008). Sampling knowledge: The hermeneutics of snowball sampling in qualitative research. International Journal of Social Research Methodology, 11(4), 327–344. https://doi.org/10.1080/13645570701401305
- Pachioni, M. (2020, April 21). COVID-19: máscaras produzidas por refugiados e migrantes beneficiam abrigos públicos em São Paulo [COVID-19: Masks produced by refugees and immigrants benefit public shelters in São Paulo]. ACNUR Brasil. https://www.acnur.org/portugues/2020/04/21/covid-19-mascaras-produzidas-por-refugiados-e-migrantes-beneficiam-abrigos-publicos-em-sao-paulo/
- Prainsack, B. (2020). Solidarity in times of pandemics. Democratic Theory, 7(2), 124–133. https://doi.org/10.3167/dt.2020.070215
- Raju, E., & Ayeb-Karlsson, S. (2020). COVID-19: How do you self-isolate in a refugee camp? International Journal of Public Health, 65, 515–517. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00038-020-01381-8
- Riggirozzi, P., Grugel J., & Cintra, N. (2020, June 26). Protecting migrants or reversing migration? COVID-19 and the risks of a protracted crisis in Latin America. Lancet Migration. https://socialprotection.org/sites/default/files/publications_files/188e74_543cbb0400824084abcea99479dfa124.pdf
- Samuels, F. (2020, June 2). Tips for collecting primary data in a COVID-19 era. ODI. https://www.odi.org/publications/16977-primary-data-collection-covid-19-era
- UN Women. (2020, June 18). Women refugees on the front lines of COVID-19 response. https://www.unwomen.org/en/news/stories/2020/6/compilation-women-refugees-and-covid-19
- United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees. (2020). Global trends: Forced displacement in 2019. https://www.unhcr.org/5ee200e37.pdf
- United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees & Cátedra Sérgio Vieira de Mello. (2019). Socioeconomic profile of refugees in Brazil. https://www.acnur.org/portugues/wp-content/uploads/2019/08/Executive-Summary-Online.pdf
- United Nations Regional Information Centre. (2020, April 25). The refugees at the heart of the fight against COVID-19. https://unric.org/en/the-refugees-at-the-heart-of-the-fight-against-covid-19/
- Ventura, D. (2015). Mobilidade humana e saúde global. Revista USP, 107, 55–64. https://doi.org/10.11606/issn.2316-9036.v0i107p55-64
- Vince, G. (2020). The world’s largest refugee camp prepares for COVID-19. BMJ, 368, Article m1205. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj.m1205
- Vollhardt, J. R. (2015). Inclusive victim consciousness in advocacy, social movements, and intergroup relations: Promises and pitfalls. Social Issues and Policy Review, 9(1), 89–120. https://doi.org/10.1111/sipr.12011
- Vollhardt, J. R., Nair, R., & Tropp, L. R. (2016). Inclusive victim consciousness predicts minority group members’ support for refugees and immigrants. Journal of Applied Social Psychology, 46(6), 354–368. https://doi.org/10.1111/jasp.12368
- Wilde, L. (2013). Global solidarity. Edinburgh University Press.
- World Health Organization. (2021). WHO coronavirus disease (COVID-19) dashboard. Retrieved October 15, 2021, from https://covid19.who.int/?gclid=Cj0KCQjw6575BRCQARIsAMp-ksMsS4pwW8AXkGEwT7PN0DvyKCrbShCYW3NhkERbqy4LEoB8Xv7CjLcaAuNKEALw_wcB