Résumés
Abstract
In February 2017, the city of Montreal adopted a policy entitled Access to Municipal Services Without Fear with a view to allowing non-status migrants to access some municipal programs and services without fear of being arrested and removed from Canada. This article offers a critical analysis of the city of Montreal’s policy. We discuss the main barriers to implementation, namely, the limited jurisdictional power and authority of the city in migration matters and the municipal police’s refusal to comply with the policy. We draw on the conceptual framework of the sanctuary city to argue that the municipality crafted creative solutions to barriers as part of its bid to make the city more inclusive.
Keywords:
- Montreal,
- Canada,
- sanctuary city,
- non-status migrants,
- jurisdiction,
- police
Résumé
En février 2017, la Ville de Montréal a adopté une politique intitulée accès aux services municipaux sans peur dans le but de permettre aux migrants sans status d’accéder à certains programmes et services municipaux sans craindre d’être arrêtés et renvoyés du Canada. Cet article propose une analyse critique de la politique de la ville de Montréal. Nous discutons des principaux obstacles à la mise en oeuvre,à savoir le pouvoir juridictionnel et l’autorité limités de la Ville en matière de migration et le refus de la police municipale et de se conformer à la politique. Nous nous appuyons sur le cadre conceptuel de la ville sanctuaire pour soutenir que la municipalité a élaboré des solutions créatives aux obstacles en vue de rendre la ville plus inclusive.
Parties annexes
Bibliography
- Armony, V., Hassaoui, M., & Mulone, M. (2019, August). Les interpellations policières à la lumière des identités racisées des personnes interpellées (Rapport final remis au SPVM). https://spvm.qc.ca/upload/Rapport_Armony-Hassaoui-Mulone.pdf
- Association québécoise des avocats et des avocates en droit de l’immigration (AQAADI). (2018). Montréal ville sanctuaire: Un pas dans la bonne direction.
- Atak, I. (2021). ’A responsible and committed city’: Montréal’s sanctuary policy. In H. Sanders, & L. Faret (Eds.), Cities protecting migrants: Critical perspectives on urban sanctuary and hospitality in the Americas (pp. 105–130). Palgrave MacMillian.
- Atak, I., Hudson, G., & Nakache, D. (2018). The securitization of Canada’s refugee system: Reviewing the unintended policy consequences. Refugee Survey Quarterly, 37(1), 1–24. https://doi.org/10.1093/rsq/hdx019
- Bauder, H. (2017). Sanctuary cities: Policies and practices in international perspective. International Migration, 55(2), 174–187. https://doi.org/10.1111/imig.12308
- Berinstein, C., McDonald, J., Nyers, P., Wright, C., & Zerehi, S. S. (2006). “Access not fear”: Non-status immigrants and city services. https://we.riseup.net/assets/17034/Access%20Not%20Fear%20Report%20(Feb%202006).pdf
- Centre d’aide aux victimes d’actes criminels de Montréal (CAVAC). (2019, June). Call for professional services: Implementation of an intervention and protection cell (Immigrants in a vulnerable situation) [Job advertisement].
- Charte montréalaise des droits et responsabilités. (2005, June 20), (Règlement 05-056). Entered into force on January 1, 2006. https://portail-m4s.s3.montreal.ca/pdf/montreal_charter_of_rights_and_responsabilities.pdf
- Charter of Ville de Montréal, metropolis of Québec, CQLR, c C-11.4. https://canlii.ca/t/55dl3
- Coderre, D. [@DenisCoderre]. (2017, January 31). Message Donald @POTUS Trump Montréal est un “Ville Sanctuaire” et fier de l'être. Nouveaux arrivants et réfugiés sont les bienvenus ici [Tweet]. Twitter. https://twitter.com/deniscoderre/status/826550692353605637
- Constitution Act, 1982, Schedule B to the Canada Act 1982 (UK), 1982, c 11. https://canlii.ca/t/ldsx
- Corriveau, J. (2018, March 24). Montréal n’est pas une “ville sanctuaire,” reconnaît Valérie Plante. Le Devoir. https://www.ledevoir.com/politique/montreal/523554/montreal-n-est-pas-une-ville-sanctuaire-reconnait-valerie-plante
- de Graauw, E. (2021). City government activists and the rights of undocumented immigrants: Fostering urban citizenship within the confines of US federalism. Antipode, 53(2), 379–398. https://doi.org/10.1111/anti.12660
- Déclaration de Montréal pour la diversité culturelle et l'inclusion. (2004, March 22). http://ville.montreal.qc.ca/pls/portal/docs/PAGE/PES_PUBLICATIONS_FR/PUBLICATIONS/DECLARATION_DIVERSITE.PDF
- Doctors of the World Canada (DoW). (2021). Carte d’identification et de résidence de la Ville de Montréal. https://doctorsoftheworld.ca/our-work-in-canada/city-of-montreal-identification-and-residence-card
- Ellis, B. D. (2015). The production of irregular migration in Canada. Canadian Ethnic Studies, 47(2), 93–112. https://doi.org/10.1353/ces.2015.0011
- Équipe de recherche sur l’immigration dans le Québec actuel (ÉRIQA), in collaboration with Médecins du Monde Canada. (2020, May 21). Immigration et inégalités en santé au temps de la COVID-19 [Webinar]. https://eriqa.org/video-immigration-et-inegalites-en-sante/
- Friese, H. (2010). The limits of hospitality: Political philosophy, undocumented migration and the local arena. European Journal of Social Theory, 13(3), 323–341. https://doi.org/10.1177/1368431010371755
- Global Migration. (2017, May 8). Resilient cities at the forefront. https://resilientcitiesnetwork.org/downloadable_resources/UR/Racial-Equity-Resilient-Cities-at-the-Forefront.pdf
- Goldring, L., Bernstein, C., & Bernhard, J. K. (2009). Institutionalizing precarious migratory status in Canada. Citizenship Studies, 13(3), 239–265. https://doi.org/10.1080/13621020902850643
- Hanley, J., & Wen, Y. (2017). Social policy frameworks of exclusion: The challenge of protecting the social rights of “undocumented migrants” in Quebec and Shanghai. Journal of Asian Public Policy, 10(3), 249–267. https://doi.org/10.1080/17516234.2016.1195560
- Hudson, G. (2018). Ordinary injustices: Persecution, punishment, and the criminalization of asylum in Canada. In D. C. Brotherton & P. Kretsedemas (Eds.), Immigration policy in the age of punishment detention, deportation, and border control (pp. 75–96). Columbia University Press. https://doi.org/10.7312/brot17936-004
- Hudson, G. (2019). City of hope, city of fear: Sanctuary and security in Toronto, Canada. In J. Darling & H. Bauder (Eds.), Sanctuary cities and urban struggles: Rescaling citizenship, migration and rights (pp. 77–104). Manchester University Press.
- Hudson, G., Atak, I., Manocchi, M., & Hannan, C.-A. (2017, February). (No) access T.O.: A pilot study on sanctuary city policy in Toronto, Canada (RCIS Working Paper No. 2017/1). https://www.ryerson.ca/content/dam/centre-for-immigration-and-settlement/RCIS/publications/workingpapers/2017_1_Hudson_Graham_Atak_Idil_Manocchi_Michele_Hannan_Charity_Ann_(No)_Access_T.O._A_Pilot_Study_on_Sanctuary_City_Policy_in_Toronto_Canada.pdf
- Hudson, G., Cébron, C., & Laberge, R. (2020). Access to health care for precarious and non-status migrants during COVID-19: Ontario and Québec. Canadian Diversity, 17(3), 45–49. https://acs-metropolis.ca/wp-content/uploads/2021/11/canadiandiversity-vol17-no3-2020-d3549.pdf
- Immigration and Refugee Board of Canada (IRB). (2020). Irregular border crosser statistics. https://irb-cisr.gc.ca/en/statistics/Pages/Irregular-border-crosser-statistics.aspx
- Immigration, Refugees, and Citizenship Canada (IRCC). (2019). 2018 annual report to Parliament on immigration. https://www.canada.ca/en/immigration-refugees-citizenship/corporate/publications-manuals/annual-report-parliament-immigration-2018/report.html
- IRPA (2001). Immigration and Refugee Protection Act (IRPA) SC 2001 c. 27. https://laws.justice.gc.ca/eng/acts/i-2.5/
- Isin, E. F. (2012). Citizens without frontiers. Bloomsbury.
- Ives, N., Hanley, J., Walsh, C. A., & Este, D. (2014). Transnational elements of newcomer women’s housing insecurity: Remittances and social networks. Transnational Social Review, 4(2–3), 152–167. https://doi.org/10.1080/21931674.2014.950107
- Lowry, M., & Nyers, P. (2003). Roundtable report “No One Is Illegal”: The fight for refugee and migrant rights in Canada. Refuge: Canada’s Journal on Refugees, 21(3), 66–72. https://doi.org/10.25071/1920-7336.21303
- Mary, A. (2018). The right to the city: Montreal multi-level strategies to ensure the rights and recognition of all migration [PowerPoint presentation]. Bureau d’intégration de nouveaux arrivants à Montréal (BINAM).
- Meloni, F., Rousseau, C., Ricard-Guay, A., & Hanley, J. (2017). Invisible students: Institutional invisibility and access to education for non-status children. International Journal of Migration, Health & Social Care, 13(1), 15–25. https://doi.org/10.1108/IJMHSC-01-2014-0001
- Mission Communautaire de Montréal (MCM) Solutions Justes. (2018). Reddition de comptes 2016–2017. Final report. Un chemin vers la regularisation et l’intégration à Montréal.
- Montréal Declaration on Living Together. (2015, June 11). http://ville.montreal.qc.ca/vivreensemble/en/montreal-declaration/
- Moratille, B. (2021, October 13). Les enfants de parents immigrants au statut précaire désormais couverts par la RAMQ. Immigrant Québec. https://immigrantquebec.com/fr/actualites/les-enfants-de-parents-immigrants-au-statut-precaire-desormais-couverts-par-la-ramq/
- Nyers, P. (2010). No one is illegal between city and nation. Studies in Social Justice, 4(2), 127–143. https://doi.org/10.26522/ssj.v4i2.998
- Paquet, M. (2019). Province building and the federalization of immigration in Canada. University of Toronto Press.
- Paquet, M., Benoît, N., Atak, I., Joy, M., Hudson, G., & Shields, J. (2021). Sanctuary cities and Covid-19: The case of Canada. In A. Triandafyllidou (Ed.), Migration and pandemics. Spaces of solidarity and spaces of exception (pp. 85–102). Springer.
- Pouliot, G. (2020, October 8). Les policiers de Montréal ne pourront plus appeler directement les agents frontaliers. Radio-Canada. https://ici.radio-canada.ca/nouvelle/1723427/spvm-policiers-montreal-sans-papier-agents-frontaliers
- Protecteur du citoyen. (2018). Donner accès au régime québécois d’assurance maladie aux enfants nés au Québec de parents au statut migratoire précaire, Québec : Assemblée nationale du Québec. https://protecteurducitoyen.qc.ca/sites/default/files/pdf/rapports_speciaux/acces-enfants-RAMQ.pdf
- Radio-Canada. (2019, November 22). Les contrôles policiers de routine doivent cesser, dit la Commission des droits. https://ici.radio-canada.ca/nouvelle/1401895/noirs-autochtones-arabes-spvm-droits-personne
- Ridgley, J. (2008). Cities of refuge: Immigration enforcement, police, and the insurgent genealogies of citizenship in U.S. sanctuary cities. Urban Geography, 29(1), 53–77. https://doi.org/10.2747/0272-3638.29.1.53
- Robichaud, O. (2018, April 3). Le SPVM ne sait pas pourquoi ses communications avec les services frontaliers ont augmenté. HuffPost. https://www.huffpost.com/archive/qc/entry/le-spvm-ne-sait-pas-pourquoi-ses-communications-avec-les-services-frontaliers-ont-augmente_a_23402208
- Robichaud, O. (2019, May 17). Montréal: les policiers toujours aux trousses des immigrants sans statut. HuffPost. https://www.huffpost.com/archive/qc/entry/montreal-police-menace-immigrants-sans-statut_qc_5cd5b47fe4b0796a95db9a6b
- Ruiz-Casares, M., Rousseau, C., Derluyn, I., Watters, C., & Crépeau, F. (2010). Right and access to healthcare for undocumented children: Addressing the gap between international conventions and disparate implementations in North America and Europe. Social Science & Medicine, 70(2), 329–336. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.socscimed.2009.10.013
- Russell, B. (2019). Beyond the local trap: New municipalism and the rise of the fearless cities. Antipode, 51(3), 989–1010. https://doi.org/10.1111/anti.12520
- Scott, M. (2018, December 28). Montreal not a sanctuary city, but a responsible one, Plante says. Montreal Gazette. https://montrealgazette.com/news/local-news/plante-unveils-action-plan-on-immigration
- Service de police de la Ville de Montréal (SPVM). (2020, July 8). Politique sur les interpellations policières. https://spvm.qc.ca/fr/Fiches/Details/Politique-sur-les-interpellations-policieres-
- Smith, C. D. (2019). Changing U.S. policy and safe-third country “loophole” drive irregular migration to Canada. Migration Policy Institute. https://www.migrationpolicy.org/article/us-policy-safe-third-country-loophole-drive-irregular-migration-canada
- Solidarity Across Borders. (2017, February 9). Déclaration pour une cité sans frontières. http://pasc.ca/fr/article/declaration-pour-une-cite-sans-frontieres
- Solidarity City—Collectif Education Sans Frontières. (2019, June 14). Des enfants sans statut attendent toujours que le ministre de l’Éducation fasse ses devoirs [Press release]. http://collectifeducation.org/des-enfants-sans-statut-attendent-toujours-que-le-ministre-de-leducation-fasse-ses-devoirs/
- Table de concertation des organismes au service des personnes réfugiées et immigrantes (TCRI), Médecins du Monde, & Bureau d’intégration de nouveaux arrivants à Montréal (BINAM). (n.d.). Guide de formation. Personnes sans statut ou à statut précaire d'immigration. https://rcentres.qc.ca/wp-content/uploads/2019/02/TCRI_Formation_Guide_sans-statut.pdf
- Valverde, M. (2021). Games of jurisdiction: How local governance realities challenge the “creatures of the province” doctrine. Journal of Law and Social Policy, 34, 21–38. https://digitalcommons.osgoode.yorku.ca/jlsp/vol34/iss1/2
- Varsanyi, M. W. (2006). Interrogating “urban citizenship” vis-à-vis undocumented migration. Citizenship Studies, 10(2), 229–249. https://doi.org/10.1080/13621020600633168
- Ville de Montréal. (2017, February 20). Résolution CM17 0106 Déclaration désignant Montreal ville sanctuaire. https://observatoirevivreensemble.org/sites/observatoirevivreensemble.org/files/declaration_designant_montreal_ville_sanctuaire.pdf
- Ville de Montréal. (2018). Plan d’action, Montréal inclusive 2018–2021. https://observatoirevivreensemble.org/sites/observatoirevivreensemble.org/files/montreal_inclusive.pdf
- Ville de Montréal. (2019a). Highlights Montreal: 2019 operating budget, 2019–2021 three-year capital works program. http://ville.montreal.qc.ca/pls/portal/docs/PAGE/SERVICE_FIN_FR/MEDIA/DOCUMENTS/BUDGET-PTI_FAITSSAILLANTS_2019_EN.PDF
- Ville de Montréal. (2019b, June 5). La Ville de Montréal dévoile sa Politique d’accès aux services municipaux sans peur et la création d’une Cellule d’intervention et de protection [Press release]. http://ville.montreal.qc.ca/portal/page?_pageid=5798,42657625&_dad=portal&_schema=PORTAL&id=31683&ret=http://ville.montreal.qc.ca/pls/portal/url/page/prt_vdm_fr/rep_annonces_ville/rep_communiques/communiques
- Ville de Montréal. (2019c). Offrir ses services à tous une responsabilité, un engagement: Politique d’accès aux services municipaux sans peur. http://ville.montreal.qc.ca/pls/portal/docs/PAGE/INTRA_FR/MEDIA/DOCUMENTS/BINAM_POLITIQUE_ACCES_SANS_PEUR.PDF
- Ville de Montréal. (2020). Coup d’œil sur la population immigrante. Agglomération de Montréal, Montreal. http://ville.montreal.qc.ca/pls/portal/docs/PAGE/MTL_STATS_FR/MEDIA/DOCUMENTS/POPULATION%20IMMIGRANTE%202020.PDF
- Ville de Montréal. (2021). Avis. Sortir de l’invisibilité les personnes à statut précaire et sans statut d’immigration [Unpublished notice].
- Walsh, C. A., Hanley, J., Ives, N., & Hordyk, S. R. (2016). Exploring the experiences of newcomer women with insecure housing in Montreal Canada. Journal of International Migration and Integration, 17, 887-904. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12134-015-0444-y