Résumés
Summary
This article considers Argentina’s empresas recuperadas por sus trabajadores (worker-recuperated enterprises, or ERTs) as transformative learning organizations. ERTs are illustrative of how workers’ conversions of capitalist firms into worker cooperatives—especially conversions emerging from troubled firms and in moments of deep socio-economic crises—transform workers (from managed employees to self-managed workers), work organizations (from capitalist businesses to labour-managed firms), and communities (from depleted to revitalized and self-provisioning localities).
Theoretically, the study is grounded in class-struggle, workplace learning, and social action learning approaches. These theoretical perspectives help the study work through how workplace conversions by workers, when converting troubled investor-owned or proprietary firms into worker coops, act as catalysts for contesting workplace exploitation and capitalist crises, while also beginning to move beyond them by forging new social relations of production and exchange. In the case of Argentina’s ERTs, crises in the political economy and micro-economic crises at the point of production during the collapse of the neoliberal model at the turn of the millennium heightened workers’ self-awareness of their situations of exploitation and motivated collective action. As a result, new worker cooperatives were created that also stimulated the social, cultural, and economic renewal of surrounding communities.
The study’s research method relies on extended case studies of four diverse ERTs, which included ethnographic observation and in-depth interviews. Observations of daily workflows were conducted, as well as interviews and informal conversations with founding and newer ERT workers. In a more structured portion of the interview protocol, key-informants were asked to reflect on how they had personally changed after being involved in the ERT, and how production practices and involvement with the community had transformed in the process of conversion.
The article concludes by outlining how worker, organizational, and community transformations emerge from workers’ processes of informal learning and learning in struggle as they collectively strive to overcome macro- and micro-economic crises and learn to become cooperators. This learning, the study shows, occurs in two ways: intra-cooperatively via informal workplace learning, and inter-cooperatively between workers from different ERTs and with surrounding communities. The self-management forged by ERTs thus embodies new, cooperative, and community-centered values and practices for these workers that, in turn, sketch out different possibilities for economic and productive life in Argentina.
Keywords:
- worker-recuperated enterprises,
- cooperation,
- workplace learning,
- social action learning,
- learning in struggle,
- business conversions,
- Argentina
Résumé
Cet article présente les empresas recuperadas por sus trabajadores en Argentine (entreprises rachetées par des travailleuses et des travailleurs ou ERT), comme des organisations d’apprentissage transformatrise. Les ERT illustrent bien comment des entreprises capitalistes converties en coopératives – particulièrement dans les cas de conversions de firmes aux prises avec de grandes difficultés et dans des périodes de graves crises socio-économiques – transforment les travailleurs (passant du statut d’employées et d’employés subordonnés à celui d’autogérés), les entreprises (d’entreprises capitalistes à des entreprises gérées par des travailleuses et des travailleurs) et les communautés (de localités à l’abandon à localités revitalisées et auto-suffisantes).
Sur le plan théorique, la présente étude puise ses fondements dans les travaux sur la lutte des classes, les théories sur le milieu de travail apprenant et l’action sociale apprenante. Ces perspectives théoriques aident à mieux comprendre comment les conversions de milieux de travail par des travailleurs,− quand on passe d’entreprises en difficultés détenues par des actionnaires ou des propriétaires à des coopératives de travailleurs −, agissent comme catalyseurs pour développer une contestation de l’exploitation au travail et des crises capitalistes, tout en permettant d’aller au-delà en façonnant de nouvelles relations sociales de production et d’échange. Dans le cas des ERT en Argentine, les crises, tant au niveau macro-économique qu’à celui des entreprises de production durant l’écrasement du modèle néolibéral au tournant du millénaire, ont servi à aiguiser la conscience des travailleurs quant à leurs conditions d’exploitation et ont motivé leur action collective. Comme résultat, de nouvelles coopératives de travailleurs ont vu le jour et ont permis de stimuler le renouveau social, culturel et économique des communautés environnantes.
La méthodologie de cette recherche s’appuie sur des études de cas élargies de quatre ERT, incluant l’observation ethnographique ainsi que des entrevues en profondeur. L’observation des processus quotidiens du travail, de même que des entrevues et des échanges informels avec des travailleurs fondateurs et nouveaux d’ERT, furent également menées. Dans une partie plus structurée du protocole d’entrevue, nous avons demandé à des informateurs-clés de réfléchir à la manière dont ils ont changé après leur implication dans l’ERT ainsi que comment les pratiques de production et d’engagement dans la communauté se sont transformées durant le processus de conversion.
L’article conclut en soulignant comment, les transformations des travailleurs, de l’organisation et de la communauté, émergent des processus d’apprentissage informel et d’apprentissage en situation de lutte des travailleurs à mesure qu’ils luttent collectivement pour passer au travers des crises macro- et micro-économiques et apprendre à devenir des coopérants. Cet apprentissage, comme le montre l’étude, se concrétise de deux manières : intra-coopératif via l’apprentissage informel en milieu de travail, et inter-coopératif entre travailleuses et travailleurs de différentes ERT et avec les communautés avoisinantes. Ainsi l’autogestion développée à travers les ERT permet l’émergence de nouvelles valeurs et pratiques centrées sur la coopération et la communauté chez ces travailleurs permettant d’entrevoir de nouvelles opportunités de vie économique et productive en Argentine.
Mots-clés:
- entreprises autogérées,
- coopératives,
- apprentissage en milieu de travail,
- action sociale apprenante,
- apprentissage par la lutte,
- conversions d’entreprises,
- organisation d’apprentissage transformatrice,
- Argentine
Resumen
Este artículo considera las empresas recuperadas por sus trabajadores argentinas (ERTs) como organizaciones de aprendizaje transformador, Las ERTs ilustran cómo las empresas capitalistas convertidas en cooperativas, − particularmente en el caso de conversiones de firmas que enfrentaron grandes dificultades durante los periodos de graves crisis socio-económicas −, transforman los trabajadores (que pasan de un estado de empleados subordinados a trabajadores autogestionados), las empresas (de empresas capitalistas a empresas dirigidas por los trabajadores) y las comunidades (de localidades abandonadas a localidades revitalizadas y autosuficientes).
A nivel teórico, el presente estudio se basa en los trabajos sobre la lucha de clases, las teorías sobre las formas de aprendizaje en el trabajo y la acción social. Estas perspectivas teóricas ayudan a comprender mejor cómo las conversiones de empresas por los trabajadores, cuando pasan de empresas en dificultad bajo propiedad de inversionistas o de propietarios de firmas a cooperativas de trabajadores, actúan como catalizadores para luchar contra la explotación y la crisis capitalista. Al mismo tiempo, comienzan el cambio mediante la emergencia de nuevas relaciones de producción y de intercambio. En el caso de las ERTs argentinas, la crisis en la economía política y las crisis micro-económicas en los centros de producción, ocurridas durante el colapso del modelo neoliberal con el advenimiento del nuevo siglo, aumentaron la conciencia de los trabajadores en situaciones de explotación y motivaron la acción colectiva. Como resultado, las nuevas cooperativas de trabajado fueron creadas, lo que estimuló también la renovación social, cultural y económica de las comunidades vecinas.
El método de investigación del estudio se basa en “estudios de casos extensos” de cuatro ERTs incluyendo la observación etnográfica y entrevistas en profundidad. Se realizaron observaciones cotidianas de los procesos de trabajo y se efectuaron entrevistas y conversaciones informales con antiguos y nuevos trabajadores de la ERT. En la porción más estructurada del protocolo de entrevista, se les pregunta cómo ellos han cambiado personalmente después de estar envuelto en la ERT, y cómo las prácticas de producción y la implicación con la comunidad se han transformado durante el proceso de conversión.
El artículo concluye explicando a grandes rasgos cómo las transformaciones laborales, organizacionales y comunitarias han emergido del proceso de aprendizaje informal y del aprendizaje en la lucha vivida por los trabajadores al mismo tiempo que ellos se esfuerzan por superar la crisis macro y micro-económica y aprender a devenir cooperativistas. Este aprendizaje, como este estudio lo muestra, ocurre de dos maneras: en el plano interno de la cooperación mediante el aprendizaje informal en el medio de trabajo y en el plano ínter-cooperativo, entre los trabajadores de diferentes ERTs, y con las comunidades vecinas. La autogestión forjada por las ERTs incorporan así nuevos valores y practicas cooperativas y comunitarias para estos trabajadores, lo que, a su turno, esboza diferentes posibilidades para la vida económica y productiva en Argentina.
Palabras claves:
- empresas recuperadas por sus trabajadores,
- sociedad cooperativa,
- aprendizaje en el trabajo,
- aprendizaje en la acción,
- aprendiendo en la lucha,
- conversiones de empresas,
- Argentina
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