ror.org/0153tk833
Résumés
Résumé
Cet article présente une synthèse des recherches sur le bonheur relativement aux politiques publiques et démontre que le bonheur autorapporté peut être utilisé pour évaluer ces politiques. Le bien-être déclaré traduit plutôt bien les conditions sociales et économiques objectives et permet de quantifier la souffrance des gens. Des résultats démontrent que certaines politiques sociales (des prestations d’assurance-chômage généreuses, l’égalité des revenus ou l’imposition fiscale progressive du revenu, par exemple) sont associées positivement au bien-être autorapporté, tandis que d’autres (comme un pourcentage élevé du PIB en dépenses gouvernementales) ne le sont pas. De la même manière que l’évaluation régulière des activités économiques jauge l’efficacité de certaines politiques et du bien-être économique des individus, l’évaluation périodique du bien-être autorapporté des citoyens permet de jauger l’efficacité de politiques spécifiques ainsi que le bien-être psychologique des individus et de la société en général.
Mots-clés :
- Bonheur,
- bien-être,
- bien-être subjectif,
- politiques publiques,
- bien-être sociétal
Abstract
This article summarizes policy-relevant happiness research and demonstrates that self-reported happiness could be used to evaluate public policies. Self-reported well-being tracks objective societal and economic conditions fairly well and helps quantify people’s suffering. Evidence also demonstrates that some liberal policies, such as generous unemployment benefits, progressive taxation, and income equality are positively associated with citizens’ self-reported well-being, whereas others (e.g. larger government spending per Gross Domestic Product) are not. Just as the regular recording of economic activities helps gauge the effectiveness of specific policies and the general economic well-being of individuals and society at large, the regular recording of citizens’ self-reporting well-being gauge the effectiveness of specific policies as well as the psychological well-being of individuals and society at large.
Keywords:
- happiness,
- well-being,
- subjective well-being,
- policy goal,
- societal well-being
Veuillez télécharger l’article en PDF pour le lire. Télécharger
Parties annexes
Bibliographie
- Aasheim, V., Waldenström, U., Rasmussen, S., Espehaug, B. et Schytt, E. (2014). Satisfaction with life during pregnancy and early motherhood in first-time mothers of advanced age : A population-based longitudinal study. BMC Pregnancy et Childbirth, 14(86). doi : 10.1186/1471-2393-14-86
- Apergis, N. et Georgellis, Y. (2015). Does happiness converge? Journal of Happiness Studies, 16(1), 67-76
- Bentham, J. (2008). An introduction to the principles of morals and legislation. New York, NY : Barnes et Nobel. (Original work published 1789).
- Bhoutan (2012). The report of the high-level meeting on wellbeing and happiness: Defining a new economic paradigm. New York, NY : the permanent mission of the kingdom of Bhoutan to the United Nations. Thimphu, Buthan : Office of the Prime Minister.
- Biglan, A. (2015). The nurture effect: How the science of human behavior can improve our lives & our world. Oakland, CA : Harbinger.
- Bjørnskov, C. (2014). Do economic reforms alleviate subjective well-being losses of economic crises? Journal of Happiness Studies, 15(1), 163-182.
- Bjørnskov, C., Dreher, A. et Fischer, J. A. V. (2007). The bigger the better? Evidence of the effect of government size on life satisfaction around the world. Public Choice, 130(3), 267-292.
- Campbell, A., Converse, P. E. et Rodgers, W. L. (1976). The quality of American life : Perceptions, evaluations, and satisfactions. New York, NY : Russell Sage Foundation.
- Cantril, H. (1965). The patterns of human concerns. New Brunswick, NJ : Rutgers University Press.
- Clark, A. E. et Oswald, A. J. (1994). Unhappiness and unemployment. The Economic Journal, 104(424), 648-659.
- Csikszentmihalyi, M., Larson, R. et Prescott, S. (1977). The ecology of adolescent activity and experiences. Journal of Youth and Adolescence, 6(3), 281-294.
- Deaton, A. (2011). The financial crisis and the well-being of Americans. Oxford Economics Papers, 64(1), 1-26.
- Debnath, R. M. et Shankar, R. (2014). Does good governance enhance happiness : A cross nationstudy. Social Indicators Research, 116(1), 235-253.
- Diener, E. (2000). Subjective well-being : The science of happiness and a proposal for a national index. American Psychologist, 55(1), 34-43.
- Diener, E. et Chan, M. Y. (2011). Happy people live longer : Subjective well-being contributes to health and longevity. Applied Psychology : Health and Well-Being, 3(1), 1-43.
- Diener, E., Diener, M. et Diener, C. (1995). Factors predicting the subjective well-being of nation. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 69(5), 851-864.
- Diener, E., Kahneman, D., Tov, W. et Arora, R. (2010). Income’s association with judgments of life versus feelings. Dans E. Diener, J. F. Helliwell et D. Kahneman (dir.), International differences in well-being (p. 3-15). New York, NY : Oxford University Press.
- Diener, E. et Larsen, R. J. (1984). Temporal stability and cross-situational consistency of affective, behavioral, and cognitive responses. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 47(4), 871-883.
- Diener, E., Lucas, R., Schimmack, U. et Helliwell, J. (2009). Well-being for public policy. New York, NY : Oxford University Press.
- Diener, E., Oishi, S. et Lucas, R. E. (2015). National accounts of subjective well-being. American Psychologist, 70(3), 234-242.
- Diener, E. et Seligman, M. E. P. (2004). Beyond money : Toward an economy of well-being. Psychological Science in the Public Interest, 5(1), 1-31.
- Diener, E. et Suh, E. (1997). Measuring quality of life : Economic, social, and subjective indicators. Social Indicators Research, 40(1), 189-216.
- Diener, E., Tay, L. et Oishi, S. (2013). Rising income and subjective well-being of nations. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 104(2), 267-276.
- Di Tella, R., MacCulloch, R. J. et Oswald, A. J. (2003). The macroeconomics of happiness. Review of Economics and Statistics, 85(4), 809-827.
- Dolan, P. et White, M. P. (2007). How can measures of subjective well-being be used to inform public policy? Perspectives on Psychological Science, 2(1), 71-85.
- Dror, Y. (1989). Public policymaking reexamined (2e dir.). New Brunswick, NJ : Transaction Publishers.
- Dyrdal, G. M. et Lucas, R. E. (2013). Reaction and adaptation to the birth of a child : A couple-level analysis. Developmental Psychology, 49(4), 749-761.
- Easterlin, R. A. (2000). The globalization of human development. ANNALS of the American Academy of Political and Social Science, 570(1), 32-48.
- Easterlin, R. A. et Switek, M. (2014). Set point theory and public policy. Dans K. M. Sheldon et R. E. Lucas (dir.), Stability of happiness : Theories and evidence on wether happiness can change (p. 201-218). Amsterdam, NE : Elsevier.
- Esping-Andersen, G. (1990). The three worlds of welfare capitalism. Cambridge, Angleterre : Polity Press.
- Feldstein, M. (1995). The effect of marginal tax rates on taxable income : A panel study of the 1986 Tax Reform Act. Journal of Political Economy, 103(3), 551-572.
- Flavin, P., Pacek, A. C. et Radcliff, B. (2011). State intervention and subjective well-being in advanced industrial democracies. Politics & Policy, 39(2), 251-269
- Forgeard, M. J. C., Jayawicikreme, E., Kern, M. L. et Seligman, M. E. P. (2011). Doing the right : measuring wellbeing for public policy. International Journal of Wellbeing, 1(1), 79-106.
- Frey, B. S. et Stutzer, A. (2002). What can economists learn from happiness research? Journal of Economic Literature, 40(2), 401-435.
- Frey, B. S. et Stutzer, A. (2012). The use of happiness research for public policy. Social Choice and Welfare, 38(4), 659-674.
- Fujiwara, D. et Dolan, P. (2014). Valuing mental health : How a subjective wellbeing approach can show just how much it matters. Londres, Angleterre : UK Council for Psychotherapy.
- Glenn, N. D. et Weaver, C. N. (1979). A note on family situation and global happiness. Social Forces, 57(3), 960-967.
- Graham, C. (2005). The economics of happiness : Insights on globalization from a novel approach. World Economics, 6(3), 41-55.
- Helliwell, J. F. et Huang, H. (2008). How’s your government? International evidence linking good government and well-being. British Journal of Political Science, 38(4), 595-619.
- Ifcher, J. (2011). The happiness of single mothers after welfare reform. The B. E. Journal of Economic Analysis & Policy, 11(1), 1-29.
- Inglehart, R., Foa, R., Peterson, C. et Welzel, C. (2008). Development, freedom, and rising happiness : A global perspective (1981-2007). Perspectives on Psychological Science, 3(4), 264-285.
- Kahneman, D. et Deaton, A. (2010). High income improves evaluation of life but not emotional well-being. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 107(38), 16489-16493.
- Kahneman, D., Krueger, A. B., Schkade, D. A., Schwarz, N. et Stone, A. A. (2004). A survey method for characterizing daily life experience : The day reconstruction method. Science, 306(5702), 1776-1780.
- Kuznets, S., Epstein, L. et Jenks, E. (1941). National income and its composition, 1919-1938 (vol. 1). New York, NY : National Bureau of Economic Research.
- Layard, R. (2012, Mars). Mental health : The new frontier for the welfare state. CEP 21st Birthday Lecture Series. Repéré à http://eprints.lse.ac.uk/47418/
- Layard, R. et O’Donnell, G. (2015). How to make policy when happiness is the goal. Dans J. F. Halliwell, R. Layard et J. Sachs (dir.), World happiness report (p. 76-87). New York, NY : Sustanable Development Solutions Networks, (sous l’égide de l’ONU).
- Levinson, A. (2012). Valuing public goods using happiness data : The case of air quality. Journal of Public Economics, 96(9-10), 869-880.
- Lucas, R. E. (2007). Adaptation and the set-point model of subjective well-being : Does happiness change after major life events? Current Directions in Psychological Science, 16(2), 75-79.
- Lucas, R. E., Clark, A. E., Georgellis, Y. et Diener, E. (2004). Unemployment alters the set point for life satisfaction. Psychological Science, 15(1), 8-13.
- Lucas, R. E. et Donnellan, M. B. (2007). How stable is happiness? Using the STARTS model to estimate the stability of life satisfaction. Journal of Research in Personality, 41(5), 1091-1098.
- Luechinger, S. (2009). Valuing air quality using the life satisfaction approach. The Economic Journal, 119(536), 482-515.
- MacKerron, G. et Mourato, S. (2009). Life satisfaction and air quality in London. Ecological Economics, 68(5), 1441-1453.
- Mankiw, N. G. (2014). Principles of macroeconomics. Stamford, CT : Cengage Learning.
- McLanahan, S. et Adams, J. (1989). Parenthood and psychological well-being. Annual Review of Sociology, 13, 237-257.
- Meyer, B. D. et Rosenbaum, D. T. (2000, January). Making single mothers work : Recent tax and welfare policy and its effects (NBER Working Paper 7491). Cambridge, MA : The National Bureau of Economic Research. Repéré à http://www.nber.org/papers/w7491
- Miller, L. J. (2002). Postpartum depression. JAMA, 287(6), 762-765.
- Mulgan, G. (2013). Well-being and public policy. Dans S. A. David, I. Boniwell et A. Conley Ayers (dir.), The Oxford handbook of happiness (p. 517-532). New York, NY : Oxford University Press.
- Nelson, S. K., Kushlev, K. et Lyubomirsky, S. (2014). The pains and pleasures of parenting : When, why, and how is parenthood associated with more or less well-being? Psychological Bulletin, 140(3), 846-895.
- O’Hara, M. (2015). Humanistic psychology’s transformative role in a threatened world. Dans K. Schneider, J. Fraser Pierson et J. Bugental (dir.), The handbook of humanistic psychology (p. 569-584). Los Angeles, CA : Sage.
- Oishi, S. (2012). The psychological wealth of nations : Do happy people make a happy society? Malden, MA : Wiley-Blackwell.
- Oishi, S. (2014). Progressive taxation and the subjective well-being of Americans. Manuscrit en préparation, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA.
- Oishi, S. et Diener, E. (2014). Residents of poor nations have a greater sense of meaning in life than residents of wealthy nations. Psychological Science, 25(2), 422-430.
- Oishi, S., Kesebir, S. et Diener, E. (2011). Income inequality and happiness. Psychological Science, 22(9), 1095-1100.
- Oishi, S. et Schimmack, U. (2010). Culture and well-being : A new inquiry into the psychological wealth of nations. Perspectives on Psychological Science, 5(4), 463-471.
- Oishi, S., Schimmack, U. et Diener, E. (2012). Progressive taxation and the subjective well-being of nations. Psychological Science, 23(1), 86-92.
- Ono, H. et Lee, K. S. (2013). Welfare states and the redistribution of happiness. Social Forces, 92(2), 789-814.
- Ouweneel, P. (2002). Social security and well-being of the unemployed in 42 countries. Journal of Happiness Studies, 3(2), 167-192.
- Pacek, A. C. et Radcliff, B. (2008a). Assessing the welfare state : The politics of happiness. Perspectives on Politics, 6(2), 267-277.
- Pacek, A. C. et Radcliff, B. (2008b). Welfare policy and subjective well-being across nations : An individual-level assessment. Social Indicators Research, 89(1), 179-191.
- Radcliff, B. (2013). The political economy of human happiness: How voter’s choices determine the quality of life. New York, NY : Cambridge University Press.
- Rothman, A., Gollwitzer, P., Grant, A., Neal, D. T. Sheeran, R. et Wood, W. (2015). Hale and hearty policies: How psychological science can create and maintain healthy habits. Perspectives on Psychological Science, 10(6), 701-705.
- Ryff, C. D., Dienberg Love, G., Urry, H. L., Muller, D., Rosenkranz, M. A., Friedman, E. M., ... et Singer, B. (2006). Psychological well-being and ill-being : Do they have distinct or mirrored biological correlates? Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics, 75(2), 85-95.
- Schneider, L. et Schimmack, U. (2009). Self-informant agreement in well-being ratings : A meta-analysis. Social Indicators Research, 94(3), 363-376.
- Schwarz, N. et Strack, F. (1999). Reports of subjective well-being : Judgmental processes and their methodological implications. Dans D. Kahneman, E. Diener et N. Schwarz (Dir.), Well-being : The foundations of hedonic psychology (p. 61-84). New York, NY : Russell Sage Foundation.
- Seder, J. P. et Oishi, S. (2012). Intensity of smiling in Facebook photos predicts future life satisfaction. Social Psychological & Personality Science, 3(4), 407-413.
- Seligman, M. E. P. et Csikszentmihalyi, M. (2000). Positive psychology : An introduction. American Psychologist, 55(1), 5-14.
- Sen, A. (1999). Development as freedom. New York, NY : Alfred A. Knopf.
- Sirgy, M. J., Michalos, A. C., Ferriss, A. L., Easterlin, R. A., Patrick, D. et Pavot, W. (2006). The Quality-of-Life (QOL) research movement : Past, present, and future. Social Indicators Research, 76(3), 343-466.
- Smith, A. (2003). The wealth of nations. New York, NY : Bantam (Original work published 1776).
- Smith, L. (2015). Reforming the minimum wage. Toward a psychological perspective. American Psychologist, 70(6), 557-565.
- Stevenson, B. et Wolfers, J. (2008). Economic growth and subjective well-being : Reassessing the Easterlin Paradox. Brookings Papers on Economic Activity, 39(1), 1-102.
- Stiglitz, J., Sen, A. et Fitoussi, J. (2009). Report of the commission on the measurement of economic performance and social progress. Repéré à http://www.stiglitz-sen-fitoussi.fr/en/index.htm
- Tay, L., Herian, M. N. et Diener, E. (2014). Detrimental effects of corruption and subjective well-being: Wether, how, and when. Social Psychological et Personality Science, 5(7), 751-759.
- Twenge, J. M., Campbell, W. K. et Foster, C. A. (2003). Parenthood and marital satisfaction : A meta-analytic review. Journal of Marriage and Family, 65(3), 574-583.
- Urry, H. L., Nitschke, J. B., Dolski, I., Jackson, D. C., Dalton, K. M., Mueller, C. J., … et Davidson, R. J. (2004). Making a life worth living : Neural correlates of well-being. Psychological Science, 15(6), 367-372.
- Van Praag, B. M. S. et Baarsma, B. E. (2005). Using happiness surveys to value intangibles : The case of airport noise. The Economic Journal, 115(500), 224-246.
- Veenhoven, R. (2000). Well-being in the welfare state : Level not higher, distribution not more equitable. Journal of Comparative Policy Analysis, 2(1), 91-125.
- Welsch, H. et Kühling, J. (2009). Using happiness data for environmental evaluation : Issues and applications. Journal of Economic Surveys, 23(2), 385-406.
- Wheeler, L. et Nezlek, J. (1977). Sex differences in social participation. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 35(10), 742-754.
- Wilkinson, R. G. et Pickett, K. E. (2006). Income inequality and population health : A review and explanation of the evidence. Social Science & Medicine, 62(7), 1768-1784.
- Wilkinson, R.G. et Pickett, K.E. (2013). L’égalité, c’est mieux : Pourquoi les écarts de richesse ruinent nos sociétés. Montréal, Canada : Écosociété.
- Woll, P. (1974). Public policy. Cambridge, MA : Winthrop Publishers.