Résumés
Résumé
L’article identifie trois niveaux de mentalisation de la souffrance : agonie, détresse et tristesse adaptative. L’agonie est l’expérience d’une souffrance non représentée; la détresse est l’expérience d’une souffrance représentée, mais trop « entière » ou concrète pour être gérée subjectivement; la tristesse adaptative est une souffrance représentée et tolérée qui facilite l’élaboration de la perte. L’abord clinique de ces qualités de souffrance est souvent limité à savoir s’il faut amplifier l’expérience de la souffrance ou s’il faut la soulager. L’article propose que la souffrance mal mentalisée doit être transformée afin d’aider les clients à « souffrir mieux ».
Mots-clés :
- mentalisation,
- souffrance,
- tristesse,
- détresse,
- agonie,
- dépression
Abstract
This paper identifies three levels of mentalization of suffering : agony, distress, and adaptive sadness. Agony is an unrepresented experience of suffering; distress is a represented experience of suffering which is too concretely felt to be dealt with subjectively; adaptive sadness is a type of suffering which is represented and tolerated, and facilitates the elaboration of loss. Clinical interventions with these qualities of suffering are often limited to either amplifying of relieving suffering. The paper proposes that unmentalized suffering should be transformed in order to help clients “suffer better”.
Keywords:
- mentalization,
- suffering,
- sadness,
- distress,
- agony,
- depression
Veuillez télécharger l’article en PDF pour le lire.
Télécharger
Parties annexes
Bibliographie
- Akhtar, S. (2014). Sources of suffering : Fear, greed, guilt, deception, betrayal, and revenge. Londres : Karnac.
- Allen, J. G., Fonagy, P., & Bateman, A. W. (2008). Mentalizing in clinical practice. Arlington, VA : American Psychiatric Publishing.
- American Psychiatric Association (2000). Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders, 4th edition, text revision (DSM-IV-TR). Washington, D. C. : Amercian Psychiatric Association.
- American Psychiatric Association (2013). Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders, 5e édition. Washington, D. C. : American Psychiatric Association.
- Arieti, S., & Bemporad, J. (1978). Psychotherapy of severe and mild depression. Northvale : Jason Aronson.
- Bergeret, J. (1975). La dépression et les états limites. Paris : Payot.
- Bion, W. R. (1962a). Aux sources de l’expérience. Paris : Presses universitaires de France.
- Bion, W. R. (1962b). A theory of thinking. International Journal of Psychoanalysis, 43, 306-310.
- Bion, W. R. (1967). Réflexion faite. Paris : Presses universitaires de France.
- Bonanno, G. A., Goorin, L., & Coifman, K. G. (2008). Sadness and grief. In M. Lewis, J. M. Haviland-Jones, & L. Feldman Barrett (Éds), Handbook of emotions (3e éd., p. 797-810). New York, NY : Guilford.
- Bouchard, M.-A., Target, M., Lecours, S., Fonagy, P., Tremblay, L.-M., Schachter, A. et al. (2008). Mentalization in adult attachment narratives : Reflective functioning, mental states, and affect elaboration compared. Psychoanalytic Psychology, 25(1), 47-66.
- Bourguignon, A., Cotet, P., Laplanche, J., & Robert, F. (1989). Traduire Freud. Paris : Presses universitaires de France.
- Bowlby, J. (1961). Processes of mourning. International Journal of Psychoanalysis, 42, 317-340.
- Bowlby, J. (1979). The making and breaking of affectional bonds. London : Routledge.
- Briand-Malenfant, R., Lecours, S., & Descheneaux, É. (2010). La capacité d’être triste : implications pour la psychothérapie psychanalytique. Psychothérapies, 30(4), 191-201.
- Busch, F. (2013). Creating a psychoanalytic mind : A psychoanalytic method and theory. New York, NY : Routledge.
- Chabert, C., Kaës, R., Lanouzière, J., & Schniewind, A. (2005). Figures de la dépression. Paris : Dunod.
- Choi-Kain, L. W., & Gunderson, J. G. (2008). Mentalization : Ontogeny, assessment, and application in the treatment of borderline personality disorder. American Journal of Psychiatry, 165(9), 1127-1135.
- Davies, J. (2012). The importance of suffering : The value and meaning of emotional discontent. Londres : Routledge.
- Dimaggio, G., & Lysaker, P. H. (2010). Metacognition and severe adult mental disorders : From research to treatment. Londres : Routledge.
- Docter, P., & Del Carmen, R. (Writers). (2015). Inside out. : Walt Disney Pictures Pixar Animation Studios.
- Ekman, P. (2003). Emotions revealed : Recognizing faces and feelings to improve communication and emotional life. New York, NY : Times Books.
- Engel, G. L., & Schmale Jr, A. H. (1967). Psychoanalytic theory of somatic disorder : Conversion, specificity, and the disease onset situation. Journal of the American Psychoanalytic Association, 15(2), 344-365.
- Fonagy, P. (1991). Thinking about thinking : Some clinical and theoretical considerations in the treatment of a borderline patient. International Journal of Psychoanalysis, 72, 639-656.
- Fonagy, P., Gergely, G., Jurist, E., & Target, M. (2002). Affect regulation, mentalization, and the development of the self. New York, NY : Other Press.
- Fonagy, P., & Target, M. (1996). Playing with reality : I. Theory of mind and the normal development of psychic reality. International Journal of Psychoanalysis, 77, 217-233.
- Freed, P. J., & Mann, J. J. (2007). Sadness and loss : Toward a neurobiopsychosocial model. American Journal of Psychiatry, 164(1), 28-34.
- Freud, S. (1917). Deuil et mélancolie. Oeuvres complètes (vol. 13, p. 259-278). Paris : Presses universitaires de France.
- Freud, S. (1933). Nouvelle suite des leçons d’introduction à la psychanalyse. Oeuvres complètes (vol. 19, p. 83-268). Paris : Presses universitaires de France.
- Frijda, N. H. (1986). The emotions. Cambridge : Cambridge University Press.
- Izard, C. E. (1991). The psychology of emotions. New York, NY : Plenum.
- Izard, C. E. (2000). Sadness. In A. E. Kazdin (Éd.), Encyclopedia of psychology (vol. 7, p. 137-138). New York, NY : Oxford University Press.
- Killingmo, B. (1995). Affirmation in psychoanalysis. International Journal of Psychoanalysis, 76, 503-518.
- Killingmo, B. (2006). A plea for affirmation relating to states of unmentalised affects. Scandinavian Psychoanalytic Review, 29, 13-21.
- Krystal, H. (1988). Integration and self-healing : Affects, trauma, alexithymia. Londre : Routledge.
- Lazarus, R. S. (1991). Emotion and adaptation. New York, NY : Oxford University Press.
- Lecours, S. (2005). Niveaux de fonctionnement mental et psychothérapie psychanalytique. Psychothérapies, 25(2), 91-100.
- Lecours, S. (2007). Supportive interventions and non symbolic mental functioning. International Journal of Psychoanalysis, 88(4), 895-915.
- Lecours, S., & Bouchard, M.-A. (1997). Dimensions of mentalisation : Outlining levels of psychic transformation. International Journal of Psychoanalysis, 78, 855-875.
- Lecours, S., & Bouchard, M.-A. (2011). Verbal elaboration of distinct affect categories and BPD symptoms. Psychology and Psychotherapy, 84(1), 26-41.
- Lecours, S., Briand-Malenfant, R., & Descheneaux, É. (2013). Affect regulation and mentalization in narcissistic personality disorder In J. S. Ogrodniczuk (Éd.), Understanding and treating pathological narcissism (p. 129-145). Washington, D.C. : American Psychological Association.
- Luquet, P. (2002). Les niveaux de pensée. Paris : Presses universitaires de France.
- Marty, P. (1990). La psychosomatique de l’adulte. Paris : Presses universitaires de France.
- Marty, P. (1991). Mentalisation et psychosomatique. Paris : Laboratoire Delagrange.
- Marty, P., & de M’Uzan, M. (1963). La « pensée opératoire ». Revue française de psychanalyse, suppl. 27, 1345-1356.
- McCullough, L., Kuhn, N., Andrews, S., Kaplan, A., Wolf, J., & Hurley, C. L. (2003). Treating affect phobia : A manual for short-term dynamic psychotherapy. New York, NY : Guilford.
- Mee, S., Bunney, B. G., Reist, C., Potkin, S. G., & Bunney, W. E. (2006). Psychological pain : A review of evidence. Journal of Psychiatric Research, 40(8), 680-690.
- Meerwijk, E. L., & Weiss, S. J. (2011). Toward a unifying definition of psychological pain. Journal of Loss and Trauma, 16(5), 402-412.
- Nesse, R. M. (2000). Is depression an adaptation? Archives of General Psychiatry, 57(1), 14-20.
- Orbach, I., Mikulincer, M., Sirota, P., & Gilboa-Schechtman, E. (2003). Mental pain : A multidimensional operationalization and definition. Suicide and Life-Threatening Behavior, 33(3), 219-230.
- Panksepp, J., & Biven, L. (2012). The archeology of mind : Neuroevolutionary origins of human emotion. New York, NY : Norton.
- Pellerin, N., & Lecours, S. (2015). Sensitization to emotions and representation formation through social biofeedback : Is markedness a necessary mechanism? Psychoanalytic Psychology, 32(1), 61-93.
- Roussillon, R. (1999). Agonie, clivage et symbolisation. Paris : Presses universitaires de France.
- Solms, M. (2012). Depression : A neuropsychoanalytic perspective. International Forum of Psychoanalysis, 21(3-4), 207-213.
- Spitz, R. A., & Wolf, K. M. (1946). Anaclitic depression; an inquiry into the genesis of psychiatric conditions in early childhood, II. The Psychoanalytic Study of the Child, 2, 313-342.
- Sugarman, A. (2006). Mentalization, insightfulness, and therapeutic action : The importance of mental organization. International Journal of Psychoanalysis, 87(4), 965-987.
- Taylor, G. J., Bagby, R. M., & Parker, J. D. A. (1997). Disorders of affect regulation : Alexithymia in medical and psychiatric illness. Cambridge : Cambridge University Press.
- Tomkins, S. S. (1963). Affect, imagery, consciousness : Volume II. The negative affects. New York, NY : Springer.
- Westen, D., & Gabbard, G. O. (2002). Developments in cognitive neuroscience : I. Conflict, compromise, and connectionism. Journal of the American Psychoanalytic Association, 50(1), 53-98.
- Winnicott, D. W. (1974). La crainte de l’effondrement et autres situations cliniques. Paris : Gallimard.