Résumés
Résumé
Les échelles théoriques-factorielles du MMPI-2-RC ont été construites en divorce avec la stratégie catégorielle empirique appliquée au MMPI original et sa version mise à jour, le MMPI-2. Elles ont ensuite été intégrées comme un atout de modernité à un tout nouvel instrument basé aussi sur l’analyse factorielle, le MMPI-2-RF. Ce dernier a d’abord été présenté comme une version parallèle plutôt qu’un substitut du MMPI/MMPI-2. Pourtant, on a multiplié les ateliers et les séminaires sur le web, y vantant la supériorité du nouveau test. Ces subterfuges furent d’ailleurs abandonnés avec l’annonce d’un MMPI-3, à l’automne 2020. Le présent article, de veine à la fois historique et critique, fait le point sur le MMPI-2, commente l’apparition incongrue des « échelles restructurées » RC, décrit sommairement la forme restructurée MMPI-2-RF, et dénonce la mise au rancart redoutée, mais prédite du MMPI-2, au profit des MMPI-2-RF/MMPI-3, avatars hérétiques de MMPI récemment parus sur le marché.
Mots-clés :
- MMPI/MMPI-2,
- échelles RC/MMPI-2/RF,
- stratégie empirique versus théorique factorielle,
- MMPI-3
Abstract
The conceptual-factorial scales of the MMPI-2-RC were constructed in divorce from the empirical categorizing strategy used for the original MMPI and its updated version, the MMPI-2. They were then integrated as a modern asset into a brand new instrument also based on factor analysis, the MMPI-2-RF. The latter was first introduced as a parallel version rather than a replacement for the MMPI/MMPI-2. However, workshops and webinars were multiplied, extolling the superiority of the new test. These subterfuges were then abandoned with the announcement of an MMPI-3, in the fall of 2020. This article, both historical and critical, takes stock of the MMPI-2, comments on the appearance incongruous of the "restructured scales" RC, summarily describes the restructured form MMPI-2-RF, and denounces the dreaded but predicted discarding of the MMPI-2 in favor of the MMPI-2-RF/MMPI-3, heretical avatars of MMPI that have recently surfaced in the market.
Keywords:
- MMPI/MMPI-2,
- RC scales/MMPI-2-RF,
- empirical versus factor-theoretic validity,
- MMPI-3
Parties annexes
Bibliographie
- Adams, K. M. (2000). Practical and ethical issues pertaining to test revisions. Psychological Assessment, 12, 281-286.
- American Psychiatric Association (1952). Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders. Author.
- Ben-Porath, Y. S. et Tellegen, A. (2008). MMPI-2-RF : Manual for administration, scoring and interpretation. University of Minnesota Press.
- Ben-Porath, Y. S. (2013). Interpreting the MMPI-2-RF. University of Minnesota Press.
- Ben-Porath, Y. S. (2017). An update to Williams and Lally’s (2016) analysis of MMPI-2-RF acceptance. Professional psychology : Research and Practice, 48(4), 275-278.
- Ben-Porath, Y. S. (2018). The more things change... Friedman and Nichols react to a new version of the MMPI. The National Psychologist Newspaper, March 19.
- Ben-Porath, Y. S. et Tellegen, A. (2020). MMPI-3. Manual for administration, scoring, and interpretation. Pearson Assessment.
- Berg, I. A. (1959). The unimportance of test item content. Dans B. M. Bass et I. A. Berg (dir.), Objective approaches to personality assessment (p. 83-99). D. Van Nostrand Company inc.
- Brophy, A. L. (1996). Provisional statistics for MMPI-2 dependency, prejudice, social status, control, and low back pain scales. Psychological Reports, 78, 1075-1078.
- Butcher, J. N. (2011). A beginner’s guide to the MMPI-2 (3e éd.). American Psychological Association Press.
- Butcher, J. N., Graham, J. R., Williams, C. L. et Ben-Porath, Y. S. (1990). Development and use of the MMPI-2 content scales. University of Minnesota Press.
- Butcher, J. N., Graham, J. R., Ben-Porath, Y. S., Tellegen, A., Dahlstrom, W. G. et Kaemmer, B. (2001). MMPI-2 Manual for administration and scoring (éd. révisée). University of Minnesota Press.
- Butcher, J. N. et Rouse, S. V. (1996). Personality : Individual differences and clinical assessment. Annual Review of Psychology, 47, 87-111.
- Butcher, J. N., Hass, G. A., Greene, R. L. et Nelson, L. D. (2015). Using the MMPI-2 in forensic assessment. American Psychological Association.
- Butcher, J. N., Front, C. M. et Ones, D. S. (2018). Assessing psychopathology in high-risk occupations. Dans J. N. Butcher et J. M. Hooley (dir.), APA handbook of psychopathology : Psychopathology : understanding, assessment, and treating adult mental disorders (p.245-272). American Psychological Association.
- Caldwell, A. B. (1997). Whither goest our redoubtable mentor, the MMPI/MMPI-2? Journal of Personality Assessment, 68(1), 47-68.
- Caldwell, A. B. (2006). Maximal measurement or meaningful measurement : the interpretive challenges of the MMPI-2 Restructured Clinical (RC) scales. Journal of Personality Assessment, 87, 193-201.
- Carroll, J. M., Yik, M. S. M., Russell, J. A. et Feldman-Barrett, L. (1999). On the psychometric principles of affect. Review of General Psychology, 3(1), 14-22.
- Colligan, R. C., Osborne, D., Swenson, W. M. et Offord, K. P. (1983). The MMPI : A contemporary normative study. Praeger.
- Dahlstrom, W. G., Welsh, G. S. et Dahlstrom, I. E. (1975). An MMPI handbook : Vol. II. Research applications (Éd. révisée.). University of Minnesota Press.
- Finnerty, T. (2021). The FAA won’t be using the MMPI-3; should you? Psychology Dot News.http://psychology.news/
- Friedman, A. F., Bolinskey, P. K., Levak, R. W. et Nichols, D. S. (2015). Psychological assessment with the MMPI-2/MMPI-2-RF (3e éd.). Routledge. Taylor et Francis Group.
- Friedman, A. F. et Nichols, D. S. (2017). MMPI-3 : Revision of MMPI-2 or Marketing Hype? The National Psychologist Newspaper, November 7.
- Friedman, A. F. et Nichols, D. S. (2021). MMPI-3 prohibited by FAA for psychological and neuropsychological evaluations. The National Psychologist Newspaper, January 2021.
- Gass, C. S. et Odland, A. P. (2012). Minnesota Multiphasic Personality—2 Revised Form Symptom Validity Scale—Revised (MMPI-2-RFFBS-r; also known as Fake Bad Scale) : Psychometric characteristics in a nonlitigation neuropsychological setting. Journal of Clinical and Experimental Neuropsychology, 34, 561-570.
- Graham, J. R. (2012). MMPI-2 : Assessing psychopathology and personality (4e éd.). Oxford University Press.
- Green, D. P., Salovey, P. et Truax, K. M. (1999). Static, dynamic, and causative bipolarity of affect. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 76(5), 856-867.
- Greene, R. L. (Ed.) (1988). The MMPI: Use with specific populations. Allyn et Bacon.
- Greene, R. L. (1991). The MMPI-2/MMPI : An interpretive manual. Allyn et Bacon.
- Greene, R. L. (2000). The MMPI-2 : An interpretive manual — 2nd Edition. Allyn et Bacon.
- Greene, R. L. (2011). The MMPI-2/MMPI-2-RF. An interpretive manual — 3rd Edition. Allyn et Bacon.
- Greene, R. L., Nichols, D. S., Front, C. M. et King, R. E. (2021). Screening Air Traffic Control Specialists with the MMPI-2 : Scale Modifications to increase Predictive Utility. Technical report. Office of Aerospace Medicine, Federal Aviation Administration, Washington, D.C.
- Harp, J. P., Jasinski, L. J., Shandera-Ochsner, A. L., Mason, L. H. et Berry, D. T. R. (2011). Detection of malingered ADHD using the MMPI-2-RF. Psychological Injury and Law, 4, 32-43.
- Hathaway, S. R. et McKinley, J. C. (1940). A multiphasic personality schedule (Minnesota) : I. Construction of the schedule. Journal of Psychology, 10, 249-254.
- Hathaway, S. R. et McKinley, J. C. (1942). A multiphasic personality schedule (Minnesota) : III. The measurement of symptomatic depression. Journal of Psychology, 14, 73-84.
- Hathaway, S. R. et McKinley, J. C. (1943). The Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory Manual. University of Minnesota Press.
- Helmes, E. et Reddon, J. R. (1993). A perspective on developments in assessing psychopathology : A critical review of the MMPI and MMPI-2. Psychological Bulletin, 113, 453-471.
- Knauss, L. K. (2019). Ethical and professional issues in assessment. Part 1, chap. 4, p. 38-48. Dans M. Selbom et J. A. Suhr (dir.), The Cambridge Handbook of Clinical Assessment and Diagnosis. Cambridge University Press.
- Kohutek, K. J. (1992a). Wiggins Content Scales and the MMPI-2. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 48, 215-218.
- Kohutek, K. J. (1992b). The location of items on the Wiggins Content Scales on the MMPI-2. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 48, 617-620.
- Lally, S. J. et Williams, C. L. (2017). Response to Ben-Porath’s update to Williams and Lally (2017). Professional Psychology : Research and Practice, 48(4), 282-285.
- Laurencelle, L. (1998). Théorie et techniques de la mesure instrumentale. Presses de l’Université du Québec.
- Meehl, P. E. (1945a). The dynamics of “structured” personality tests. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 1, 296-303.
- Meehl, P. E. (1945b). An investigation of a general normality or control factor in personality testing. Psychological Monographs, vol. 4 (Whole No. 274).
- Nichols, D. S. (2011). Essentials of MMPI-2 assessment (2e éd.). John Wiley et Sons, Inc.
- Parisien, M. (1989). Le MMPI-2 : surtout de bonnes nouvelles. Psychologie Québec, 6(4), 6-7.
- Parisien, M. (1999). Le MMPI et le MCMI en expertise psycholégale. Dans L. Brunet (dir.), L’expertise psycholégale. Balises méthodologiques et déontologiques (p. 263-308). Presses de l’Université du Québec.
- Parisien, M. (2014). Le MMPI et le MCMI en expertise psycholégale. Dans L. Brunet (dir.), L’expertise psycholégale (2e éd., p. 273-326). Presses de l’Université du Québec.
- Parisien, M. (2021a). Validité empirique versus validité factorielle dans les inventaires de personnalité : le MMPI-2 et les échelles restructurées RC. The Quantitative Methods for Psychology (TQMP), 17(2), 87-104.
- Parisien, M. (2021b). Empirical vs. Factorial validity in personality inventories. The MMPI-2 and the restructured RC scales. The Quantitative Methods for Psychology (TQMP), 17(3), 329-344.
- Ranson, M. B., Nichols, D. S., Rouse, S. V. et Harrington, J. I. (2009). Changing or replacing an established psychological assessment standard : Issues, goals, and problems with special reference to recent developments in the MMPI-2. Dans J. N. Butcher (dir.), Oxford Library of Psychology. Oxford Handbook of Personality Assessment (p. 112-139). Oxford University Press.
- Rogers, R., Gillard, N. D., Berry, D. T. R. et Granacher, R. P. (2011). Effectiveness of the MMPI-2-RF validity scales for feigned mental disorders and cognitive impairment : A known-groups study. Journal of Psychopathology and Behavioral Assessment, 33, 355-367.
- Rogers, R. et Granacher, R. P. (2011). Conceptualization and assessment of malingering. Dans E. Y. Drogin, F. M. Dattilio, R. L. Sadoff et T. G. Gutheil (dir.), Handbook of forensic assessment : Psychological and psychiatric perspectives (p. 659-678). Wiley.
- Ruchenne, D. (2019). L’examen clinique de la personnalité avec le MMPI-2 et le MMPI-A. Fondement et méthode. Préface : J. N. Butcher. Mardaga.
- Sellbom, M. et Ben-Porath, Y. S. (2006). The Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory-2. Dans R. P. Archer (dir.), Forensic uses of clinical assessment instruments (p. 19-55). Psychology Press.
- Strong, E. K. (1927). Vocational interest test. Educational Record, 8, 107-121.
- Tellegen, A., Ben-Porath, Y. S., McNulty, J., Arbisi, P., Graham, J. R. et Kaemmer, B. (2003). MMPI-2 : Restructured Clinical (RC) Scales : Development, validation, and interpretation. University of Minnesota Press.
- Tellegen, A., Ben-Porath, Y. S., Seldom, M., Arbisi, P. A., McNulty, J. L. et Graham, J. R. (2006). Further evidence on the validity of the MMPI-2 Restructured Clinical (RC) scales : addressing questions raised by Rogers, Sewell, Harrison and Jordan and Nichols. Journal of Personality Assessment, 87, 148-171.
- Tellegen, A. et Ben-Porath, Y. S. (2008). Empirical correlates of the MMPI-2 Restructured Clinical (RC) Scales in mental health, forensic, and nonclinical settings : an introduction. Journal of Personality Assessment, 90, 119-121.
- Tellegen, A. et Ben-Porath, Y. S. (2011). Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory-2-Restructured Form : Technical manual. University of Minnesota Press.
- Weiss, P., Bell, K. et Weiss, W. (2010). Use of the MMPI-2 Restructured Clinical (RC) scales in detecting criminal malingering. Journal of Police and Criminal Psychology, 25, 49-55.