Résumés
Résumé
Dans cet article, les auteurs présentent les résultats qualitatifs recueillis à partir de questionnaires et d’entrevues semi-structurées destinés à documenter les expériences tant actuelles que passées des enfants de Duplessis institutionnalisés (EDI). Des exemples typiques et deux cas représentatifs sont présentés. Les résultats indiquent que les abus et la négligence subis par les EDI pendant l’enfance ont compromis leur ajustement psychosocial à long terme. Ils révèlent aussi que les EDI qui ont rapporté au moins quatre forces pendant leur enfance étaient plus susceptibles d’être protégés à l’âge adulte contre les effets négatifs de leur placement.
Abstract
In this article, the authors present qualitative results, derived from questionnaires and semi-structured interviews, to describe past and present experiences of the Duplessis children. Examples representative of their experience and a detailed description of two cases are provided. Results indicate that childhood abuse and negligence are related to poorer long-term psychological adjustment. The findings also demonstrate that reporting at least four strengths in childhood can have long-term protective effects.
Resumen
En este artículo, los autores presentan los resultados cualitativos recopilados a partir de cuestionarios y entrevistas semiestructuradas destinadas a documentar las experiencias, tanto recientes como pasadas, de los niños de Duplessis que fueron institucionalizados (EDI). Se presentan ejemplos típicos y dos casos representativos. Los resultados indican que los abusos y la negligencia sufridos por los EDI durante la infancia han comprometido su ajuste psicosocial a largo plazo. También revelan que los EDI que han reportado al menos cuatro fuerzas durante su infancia eran más susceptibles de estar protegidos en la edad adulta contra los efectos negativos de su colocación.
Resumo
Neste artigo, os autores apresentam os resultados qualitativos coletados a partir de questionários e entrevistas semi-estruturadas destinados a documentar as experiências tanto atuais quanto passadas das crianças de Duplessis institucionalizadas (CDI). São apresentados exemplos típicos e dois casos representativos. Os resultados indicam que os abusos e a negligência sofridos pelas CDI durante a infância comprometeram seu ajuste psicossocial a longo prazo. Eles revelam também que as CDI que relataram, pelo menos, quatro aspectos positivos durante sua infância eram mais susceptíveis de ser protegidas durante a idade adulta contra os efeitos negativos de sua internação.
Veuillez télécharger l’article en PDF pour le lire.
Télécharger
Parties annexes
Bibliographie
- Ainsworth, M. S., Blehar, M. C., Waters, E., Wall, S, 1978, Patterns of Attachments : A Psychological Study of the Strange Situation, Lawrence Erlbaum, Oxford, England.
- American Psychiatric Association, 1994, Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, fourth Edition, American Psychiatric Association, Washington, D.C.
- Bédard, D., Lazure, D., Roberts, C. A., 1962, Rapport de la Commission d’étude des hôpitaux psychiatriques, ministère de la Santé de la province de Québec.
- Boucher, S., Paré, N., Perry, J. C., Sigal, J. J., Ouimet, M. C., 2008, Répercussions d’une enfance vécue en institution : le cas des Orphelins de Duplessis, Santé mentale au Québec, 33, 2, 271-291.
- Bowlby, J., 1980, Attachment and Loss : Loss, Sadness and Depression, Basic Books, New York.
- Bowlby, J., 1973, Attachment and Loss : Separation Anxiety and Anger, Basic Books, New York.
- Bowlby, J., 1969, Attachment and Loss, Basic Books, New York.
- Castle, J., Grophues, C., Bredenkamp, D., Beckett, C., O’connor, T., Rutter, M., 1999, The English and Romanian adoptees study team, Effect of qualities of early institutional care on cognitive attainment, American Journal of Orthopsychiatry, 69, 424-437.
- Chu, J. A., Dill, D. L., 1990, Dissociative symptoms in relation to childhood physical and sexual abuse, American Journal of Psychiatry, 147, 887-892.
- Dowdney, L., Skuse, D., Rutter, M., Quinton, D., Mrazek, D., 1985, The nature and qualities of parenting provided by women raised in institutions, Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry and Applied Disciplines, 26, 599-625.
- Dufour, R., 2002, Naître rien : des orphelins de Duplessis, de la crèche à l’asile, Éditions MultiMondes, Ste-Foy.
- Feeney, J. A., Noller, P., 1990, Attachment style as a predictor of adult romantic relationships, Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 58, 281-291.
- Francoeur, J., 1992, Orphelins de Duplessis. Le Devoir, 14.
- Gill, P., 1991, Les enfants de Duplessis : l’histoire vraie d’Alice Quinton, orpheline enfermée dans un asile à l’âge de sept ans, Libre expression, Montréal.
- Goldman, H. H., Skodal, A. E., Lave, T. R., 1992, Revising axis V for DSM-IV : a review of measures of social functioning, American Journal of Psychiatry, 149, 1148-1156.
- Hazan, C., Shaver, P., 1987, Romantic love conceptualized as an attachment process, Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 52, 511-524.
- Hersov, L., 1980, The seventh Jack Tizard Memorial Lecture : Aspects of adoption, Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 31, 493-510.
- Hilsenroth, M. A., Ackerman, S. J., Blagys, M. D., Baumann, B. D., Baity, M.R., Smith, S. R., Price, J. L., Smith, C. L., Heindselman, T. L., Mount, M.K., Holdwick, D. J. Jr., 2000, Reliability and validity of DSM-IV axis V, American Journal of Psychiatry, 157, 1858-1863.
- Hodges, J., Tizard, B., 1989, IQ and behavioral adjustment of ex-institutionalized adolescents, Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 30, 53-75.
- Ilfeld, F. W., 1976, Further validation of a psychiatric symptom index, Psychological Reports, 39, 1215-1218.
- Johnson, R., Browne, K., Hamilton-Giachritsis, C., 2006, Young children in institutional care at risk of harm, Trauma, Violence and Abuse, 7, 1, 34-60.
- Johnson, D. E., Miller, L. C., Iverson, S., Thomas, W., Franchino, B., Dole, K., 1992, The health of children adopted from Romania, Journal of the American Medical Association, 268, 3446-3451.
- Kotler, T., Buzwell, S., Romeo, Y., Boland, J.,1994, Avoidant attachment as a risk factor for health, British Journal of Medical Psychology, 67, 3, 237-245.
- Kreppner, J. M., O’Connor, T. G., Rutter, M., The English and Romanian Adoptees StudyTeam, 2001, Can inattention/overactivity be an institutional deprivation syndrome ?, Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology, 29, 513-528.
- Labrosse, J G., 1964, Ma chienne de vie : autobiographie d’un orphelin, Éditions du Jour, Montréal.
- Luborsky. L. L., Crits-Christoph, P., 1991, Understanding Transference, Basic Books, New York.
- Malouin, M.-P., 1996, L’univers des enfants en difficulté entre 1940 et 1960, Éditions Bellarmin, Montréal.
- Matussek, P., 1975, Internment in Concentration Camps and Its Consequences, Springer-Verlag, New York.
- Mikulincer, M., Florian, V., Weller, A., 1993, Attachment styles, coping strategies, and posttraumatic psychological distress : the impact of the Gulf War in Israel, Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 64, 5, 817-826.
- Morrison, S. J., Ames, E. W., Chisholm, K., 1995, The Development of Children Adopted from Romanian Orphanages, Merrill-Palmer Quarterly, 41, 411-430.
- O’connor, T., Rutter, M., 2000, The English and Romanian Adoptees Study Team, Attachment disorder behaviour following severe deprivation : extension and longitudinal follow-up, Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 39, 703-712.
- Pelletier, G., 1950, Histoire des enfants tristes, Action nationale, Montréal.
- Perry, J. C., Sigal, J. J., Boucher, S., Paré, N., 2006, Seven institutionalized children and their adaptation in late adulthood : the Children of Duplessis (Les Enfants de Duplessis), Psychiatry : Interpersonal and Biological Processes, 69, 283-301.
- Perry, J. C., Sigal, J. J., Boucher, S., Paré, N., Ouimet, M. C., 2005a, Personal strengths and traumatic experiences among institutionalized children given up at birth —(Les Enfants de Duplessis-Duplessis’ Children) I : Early experiences, Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease, 193, 783-789.
- Perry, J. C., Sigal, J. J., Boucher, S., Paré, N., Ouimet, M.C., Normandin, J., Henry, M., 2005b, Personal strengths and traumatic experiences among institutionalized children given up at birth — (Les Enfants de Duplessis-Duplessis’ Children) II : Adaptation in late adulthood, Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease, 193, 777-782.
- Perry, J. C., Henry, M., 2004, Studying defense mechanisms in psychotherapy using the Defense Mechanism Rating Scales, in Hentschel, U., Smith, G., Draguns, J., Ehlers, W., eds., Defense Mechanisms : Theoretical, Research and Clinical Perspectives, Elsevier, Amsterdam, 165-192.
- Perry, J. C., Sigal, J. J., Boucher, S., Paré, N., 2002, Traumatic and Protective Antecedents Interview (TPAI) — Adapted for Orphanage Experiences, manuscrit non publié, McGill University, Montréal.
- Perry, J. C., 1990, The Defense Mechanism Rating Scales Manual, fifth edition. Copyright by J. C. Perry, M.D., Cambridge, Massachusetts.
- Perry, J. C., Herman, J. L., van der Kolk, B. A., Hoke, L., 1990, Psychotherapy and psychological trauma in borderline personality disorder, Psychoanalytic Annals, 20, 33-43.
- Quinton, D., Rutter, M., Liddle, C., 1984, Institutional rearing, parental difficulties, and marital support, Psychological Medicine, 14, 107-124.
- Reynolds, W. M., 1982, Development of reliable and valid short forms of the Marlowe-Crowne Social Desirability Scale, Journal of Clinical Psychology, 38, 119-125.
- Roy, B., 1994, Mémoire d’asile : la tragédie des enfants de Duplessis, Boréal, Montréal.
- Roy, B., 1998, Les calepins de Julien, XYZ éditeur, Montréal.
- Roy, B., 2001, Les heures sauvages, XYZ éditeur, Montréal.
- Roy, B., 2004, L’engagé, XYZ éditeur, Montréal.
- Roy, C., Perry, J. C., 2004, Instruments for the assessment of trauma in adults, Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease, 192, 343-351.
- Rutter, M., Andersen-Wood, L., Beckett, C., Bredenkamp, D., Castle, J., Groothues, C., Kreppner, J., Keaveney, L., Lord, C., O’connor, T. G., 1999, Quasi-autistic patterns following severe early global privation, Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 40, 537-549.
- Rutter, M., 1998, The English and Romanian Adoptees Study Team, Developmental catch-up and deficit following seven global deprivation years, Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 39, 468-476.
- Rutter, M., Quinton, D., Hill, J., 1990, Adult outcome of institution-reared children : males and females compared, in Robbins, L., Rutter, M., eds, Straight and Devious Pathways from Childhood to Adulthood, Cambridge University Press, 135-157.
- Rutter, M., Quinton, D., 1984, Long-term follow-up of women institutionalized childhood : factors promoting good functioning in adult life, British Journal of Developmental Psychology, 18, 225-234.
- Santé Québec, 1998, Mental Health Instruments : Methodology, Scope and Limitations Technical Manual 87-06, Santé Québec.
- Shmotkin, D., 2003, Vulnerability and resilience intertwined : A review of research on Holocaust survivors in Jacoby, R., Kleiman, G., ed., Between Stress and Hope : From a Disease-centered to a Health-centered Perspective, Westport, CT, Praeger, 213-233.
- Sigal, J. J., Perry, J. C., Rossignol, M., Ouimet, M. C., 2003, Unwanted infants : Psychological and physical consequences of inadequate orphanage care 50 years later, American Journal of Orthopsychiatry, 73, 3-12.
- Sigal, J. J., Weinfeld, M., 2001, Do children cope better than adults with potentially traumatic stress ? A 40-year follow-up of Holocaust survivors, Psychiatry, 64, 69-80.
- Sigal, J. J., Rossingol, M., Perry, J. C., 1999, Some psychosocial and physical consequences in middle-aged adults of underfunded institutional care in childhood, Journal of Nervous and Mental Disorders, 187, 57-59.
- Snarey, J. R, Vaillant, G. E., 1985, How lower and working-class youth become middle-class adults : The association between ego defense mechanisms and upward social mobility, Child Development, 56, 899-910.
- Sperling, M. B., Berman, W. H., 1994, Attachment in Adults : Clinical and Developmental Perspectives, Guilford, New York.
- Vaillant, G. E., 1993, The Wisdom of the Ego, Harvard University Press, Cambridge, Massachusetts.
- Wolff, P. E., Fesseha, G., 1998, The orphans of Eritrea : are orphanages part of the problem or part of the solution ?, American Journal of Psychiatry, 155, 1319-1324.
- Wolff, P. E., Fesseha, G., 1999, The orphans of Eritrea, A five-year follow-up study, Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 40, 1231-1237.
- Zooks, A. Sipps, G. J., 1985, Cross-validation of a short form of the Marlowe-Crowne Social Desirability Scale, Journal of Clinical Psychology, 41, 231-238.
10.7202/019678ar