Résumés
Abstract
Injuries are common over a performing musician’s career and wrist injuries are the most frequent site of pain for pianists. Although general recommendations insist on keeping wrists in a “neutral” position to avoid injury, this is rarely done in practice. Recent advances in motion capture technology may aid in raising students’ awareness of the propensity to use wrist positions outside of the recommended “neutral.” These technologies may be used to measure precise wrist positions in piano playing in order to set specific thresholds for avoiding injury. This paper discusses various advantages and limitations of motion capture technologies, including data visualization and usage within the music instrument pedagogy framework in order to define a set of requirements for an accessible motion-tracking system. A prototype of a dedicated image-processing-based system with a graphical user interface that meets these requirements is described. This system uses passive coloured markers and a standard 3D camera, encouraging use outside the traditional laboratory environment. Simple camera calibration options and basic hand tracking from aerial view images allow monitoring of wrist flexion/extension over short video recordings. Measurements are compared to flexion/extension thresholds recommended for typists to prevent carpal tunnel pressure, and moments of approaching or exceeding these thresholds are flagged to the user both in real time and in post-performance. Potential applications include monitoring the practice of short technical passages without restriction of instrument or location.
Résumé
Les interprètes doivent gérer des blessures tout au long de leur carrière, et chez les pianistes, ce sont surtout les blessures aux poignets qui les font particulièrement souffrir. Alors que les recommandations générales insistent sur la position « neutre » du poignet pour éviter les blessures, elles sont rarement appliquées dans la réalité. De récentes avancées technologiques dans le domaine de la capture de mouvements pourraient aider les étudiants à être plus conscients de leur propension à dépasser les limites de la position « neutre » recommandée. Ces technologies pourraient être utilisées pour mesurer les positions précises du poignet durant le jeu pianistique afin de déterminer des ensembles de seuils spécifiques qui permettront d’éviter les blessures. Cet article présente les avantages et les inconvénients des technologies de la capture de mouvement, incluant la visualisation des données et leur utilisation dans le cadre de la pédagogie instrumentale, afin d’établir une liste de critères auxquels répondrait un système d’analyse des mouvements facile à utiliser. L’article présente un prototype de système de traitement des images spécialisé accompagné d’une interface graphique pour les utilisateurs qui répond à cette liste de critères. Le système recourt à des marqueurs de couleur passifs et à une caméra 3D standard afin d’encourager une utilisation en dehors des environnements de laboratoire traditionnels. Des options de calibrage simples pour la caméra, ainsi qu’une localisation de base des mains grâce à des images aériennes permettent d’observer les flexions et extensions des poignets dans de courts enregistrements vidéo. Les données sont comparées à des seuils de flexion/extension proposés pour les dactylos afin de prévenir les problèmes de tunnel carpien, et les utilisateurs sont avertis lorsqu’ils approchent ou dépassent ces seuils à la fois pendant et après l’enregistrement. Les applications potentielles du système incluent la surveillance durant la répétition de courts passages techniques, sans restriction d’instrument et de lieu.
Parties annexes
Bibliography
- Ackermann, Bronwen, Tim Driscoll and Diana T. Kenny (2012). “Musculoskeletal Pain and Injury in Professional Orchestral Musicians in Australia”, Medical Problems of Performing Artists, vol. 27, no 4, pp. 181–187.
- Allsop, Lili and Tim Ackland (2010). “The Prevalence of Playing-Related Musculoskeletal Disorders in Relation to Piano Players’ Playing Techniques and Practising Strategies”, Music Performance Research, vol. 3, no 1, pp. 61–78.
- Berman, Boris (2000). Notes from the Pianist’s Bench. Yale University Press.
- Bevilacqua, Frederic, Fabrice Guédy, Norbert Schnell, Emmanuel Fléty and Nicolas Leroy (2007). “Wireless Sensor Interface and Gesture-Follower for Music Pedagogy”, in Proceedings of the 2007 Conference on New Interfaces for Musical Expression, New York, pp. 124–129.
- Bragge, Peter (2006). “A Systematic Review Of Prevalence and Risk Factors Associated with Playing-Related Musculoskeletal Disorders in Pianists”, Occupational Medicine, vol. 56, no 1, pp. 28–38.
- Chung, In-Seol, Jaiyoung Ryu, Nobuke Ohnishi, Bruce Rowen and Jeff Headrich (1992). “Wrist Motion Analysis in Pianists”, Medical Problems of Performing Artists, vol. 7, no 1, pp. 1–5.
- Fraser, Alan (2011). The Craft of Piano Playing: A New Approach to Piano Technique, 2nd ed., Lanham, Maryland, Scarecrow Press.
- Furuya, Shinichi, Tomoko Aoki, Hidehiro Nakahara and Hiroshi Kinoshita (2012). “Individual Differences in the Biomechanical Effect of Loudness and Tempo on Upper-Limb Movements During Repetitive Piano Keystrokes”, Human Movement Science, vol. 31, no 1, pp. 26–39.
- Gillies, Marco, Harry Brenton, Matthew Yee-King, Andreu Grimalt-Reynes and Mark Inverno (2014). “Sketches vs Skeletons: Video Annotation Can Capture What Motion Capture Cannot”, in Proceedings of the Second International Workshop on Movement and Computing (MOCO 2015), New York, ACM, pp. 104–111.
- Keir, Peter J., Joel M. Bach, Mark Hudes and David M. Rempel (2007). “Guidelines for Wrist Posture Based on Carpal Tunnel Pressure Thresholds”, Human Factors, vol. 49, no 1, pp. 88–99.
- Kenny, Diana and Bronwen Ackermann (2016). “Performance-Related Musculoskeletal Pain, Depression and Music Performance Anxiety in Professional Orchestral Musicians: A Population Study”, Psychology of Music, vol. 43, no 1, pp. 43–60.
- Kim, David, Otmar Hilliges, Shahram Izadi, Alex Butler, Jiawen Chen, Iason Oikonomidis and Patrick Olivier (2012). “Digits: Freehand 3D Interactions Anywhere Using a Wrist-Worn Gloveless Sensor”, in Proceedings of the 25th Annual ACM Symposium on User Interface Software and Technology (UIST 2012), New York, ACM, pp. 167–176.
- Kinoshita, Hiroshi, Shinichi Furuya, Tomoko Aoki and Eckart Altenmuller (2007). “Loudness Control in Pianists as Exemplified in Keystroke Force Measurements on Different Touches”, Journal of the Acoustical Society of America, vol. 121, no 5, part 1, pp. 2959–2969.
- Lai, Kuan-Yin, Shyi-Kuen Wu, I-Ming Jou, Hsiao-Man Hsu, Mei-Jin C. Sea and Li-Chieh Kuo (2015). “Effects of Hand Span Size and Right-Left Hand Side on the Piano Playing Performances: Exploration of the Potential Risk Factors with Regard to Piano-Related Musculoskeletal Disorders”, International Journal of Industrial Ergonomics, vol. 50, pp. 97–104.
- Lee, Sang-Hie (2010). “Hand Biomechanics in Skilled Pianists Playing a Scale in Thirds”, Medical Problems of Performance Artists, vol. 25, no 4, pp. 167–174.
- MacRitchie, Jennifer (2015). “The Art and Science Behind Piano Touch: A Review Connecting Multi-Disciplinary Literature”, Musicae Scientiae, vol. 19, no 2, pp. 171–190.
- Mark, Thomas (2003). What Every Pianist Needs to Know about the Body. Chicago, G.I.A. Publications.
- Metcalf, Cheryl D., Thomas A. Irvine, Jennifer L. Sims, Yu L. Wang, Alvin W. Y. Su and David O. Norris (2014). “Complex Hand Dexterity: A Review of Biomechanical Methods for Measuring Musical Performance”, Frontiers in Psychology, vol. 5, no 414, doi: 10.3389/fpsyg.2014.00414.
- Ng, Kia (2008). “Interactive Feedbacks with Visualisation and Sonification for Technology-Enhanced Learning for Music Performance”, in Proceedings of the 26th Annual ACM International Conference on Design of Communication, New York, ACM, pp. 281–282.
- Oikawa, Naoki, Sadako Tsubota, Takako Chikenji, Gyoku Chin and Mitsuhiro Aoki (2011). “Wrist Positioning and Muscle Activities in the Wrist Extensor and Flexor During Piano Playing”, Hong Kong Journal of Occupational Therapy, vol. 21, no 1, pp. 41–46.
- Pak, Chong H. and Kris Chesky (2001). “Prevalence of Hand, Finger, and Wrist Musculoskeletal Problems in Keyboard Instrumentalists”, Medical Problems of Performing Artists, vol. 16, no 1, pp. 17–23.
- Rempel, David M., Peter J. Keir and Joel M. Bach (2008). “Effect of Wrist Posture on Carpal Tunnel Pressure while Typing”, Journal of Orthopaedic Research, vol. 26, no 9, pp. 1269–1273.
- Sakai, Naotaka (1992). “Hand Pain Related to Keyboard Techniques in Pianists”, Medical Problems of Performing Artists, vol. 7, no 2, pp. 63–65.
- Sakai, Naotaka, Michael C. Liu, Fong Chin Su, Allen T. Bishop and Kai Nan An (2006). “Hand Span and Digital Motion on the Keyboard: Concerns of Overuse Syndrome in Musicians”, Journal of Hand Surgery, vol. 31, no 5, pp. 830–835.
- Savvidou, Paola, Brad Willis, Mengyuan Li and Marjorie Skubic (2015). “Assessing Injury Risk in Pianists”, MTNA E-Journal, vol. 7, no 2, pp. 2–16.
- Schoonderwaldt, Erwin and Marcelo M. Wanderley (2007). “Visualization of Bowing Gestures for Feedback: The Hodgson Plot”, In Proceedings of the 3rd International Conference on Automated Production of Cross Media Content for Multi-channel Distribution (AXMEDIS07), vol. 2, pp. 65–70.
- Sharp, Toby, Cem Keskin, Duncan Robertson, Jonathan Taylor and Jamie Shotton (2015). “Accurate, Robust, and Flexible Real-time Hand Tracking”, in Proceedings of the 33rd Annual ACM Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems (CHI 2015), New York, ACM, pp. 3633–3642.
- Silva, Anabela G., Filipa M. B. Lã and Vera Afreixo (2015). “Pain Prevalence in Instrumental Musicians: A Systematic Review”, Medical Problems of Performing Artists, vol. 30, no 1, pp. 8–19.
- Treaster, Delia E. and William S. Marras (2000). “A Biomechanical Assessment of Alternate Keyboards Using Tendon Travel”, Proceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society Annual Meeting, vol. 44, no 6, pp. 685–688.
- Weyde, Tillman, Kia Ng, Kerstin Neubarth, Oliver Larkin, Thijs Koerselman and Bee Ong (2007). “A Systematic Approach to Music Performance Learning with Multimodal Technology”, paper presented at the Support E-Learning Conference, Quebec City, Canada.
- Wheatley-Brown, Michèle (2011). “An Analysis of Terminology Describing the Physical Aspect of Piano Technique”, unpublished doctoral thesis, University of Ottawa.
- Williamon, Aaron and Sam Thompson (2004). “Awareness and Incidence of Health Problems among Conservatoire Students”, Psychology of Music, vol. 34, no 4, pp. 411-430.
- Wristen, Brenda (2000). “Avoiding Piano-Related Injury: A Proposed Theoretical Procedure for Biomechanical Analysis of Piano Technique”, Medical Problems of Performing Artists, vol. 15, pp. 55–64.
- Wristen, Brenda, Myung-Chul Jung, A. K. G. Wismer and M. Susan Hallbeck (2006). “Assessment of Muscle Activity and Joint Angles in Small-Handed Pianists: A Pilot Study on the 7/8-Sized Keyboard versus the Full-Sized Keyboard”, Medical Problems of Performing Artists, vol. 21, no 1, pp. 3–9.
- Zaza, Christine (1998). “Playing-Related Musculoskeletal Disorders in Musicians: A Systematic Review of Incidence and Prevalence”, Canadian Medical Association Journal, vol. 158, no 8, pp. 1019–1025.