Résumés
Résumé
Cet article propose une approche originale de l’histoire des politiques hydriques dans l’Ouest des États-Unis. En reconstituant la genèse et la mise en oeuvre des mégaprojets (barrages, canaux, etc.) depuis le XXe siècle, il montre que ces politiques ne peuvent pas plus se résumer à une succession de protestations de populations locales soucieuses de préserver leur environnement ni à l’hégémonie incontestée des élites nationales et locales. Cette histoire met en avant le rôle joué par une architecture institutionnelle complexe et s’attache en particulier aux profils socio-professionnels des protagonistes influents dans le champ administratif où s’élaborent les politiques hydriques. De ce point de vue, l’histoire des politiques hydriques apparaît comme intimement liée au développement de l’État américain. Sa reconstitution a utilisé une pluralité de sources (revue de la littérature, collecte d’informations et de données secondaires, archives des protagonistes des conflits, littérature grise) ; elle s’appuie aussi sur des informations collectées à partir d’entretiens menés avec les responsables, anciens ou actuels, d’institutions publiques ou privées liés à la gestion de l’eau en Arizona.
Mots-clés :
- politiques hydriques,
- États-Unis,
- élites,
- institutions,
- état
Abstract
This paper proposes a complementary approach to the existing works on the history of water policies in the West of the USA. We defend the idea that the history of Western Water is not fully explained by the hegemony of elites, nor is it the result of the conflicts between local populations and political power. Instead, we offer that water policies in the West are shaped by the interaction of a complex institutional architecture, as well as by the profile of the dominant actors in these institutions. Water policy history is extremely linked to the history of the USA’s State. The reconstruction of that history has been possible by using multiple sources (literature review, grey literature, main actors’ personal records, etc.). We also used data coming from the interviews with the actors, ancients and contemporary, from the many public and private institutions that are involved in water management in the USA.
Keywords:
- water policies,
- USA,
- elites,
- institutions,
- state
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