McGill University Thèses et mémoires publiés en 1938

Physical chemistry may be thought of as the physics of chemistry. Thus it includes the study of the physical properties of matter in its various forms, and the physical aspects of the interactions of matter, namely chemical statics and kinetics, corresponding to the statics and dynamics of physics. [...] Chemical statics and kinetics have developed to a considerable degree especially in recent years. Chemical statics or thermodynamics, being more susceptible of theoretical treatment has reached a much more satisfactory state than chemical kinetics, so that by making a few measurements and calculations we can now predict the equilibrium state of …  Lire la suite

Examinations are required to perform a considerable number of closely related and yet varied functions. In general terms, however, it may be said that they have two principal uses: (l) They are applied by a teacher to his pupils in order to determine the effectiveness of his own teaching; and (2) they are also, and more frequently, employed by a teacher or by some external authority to test the eligibility of an examinee for some certain desired award. The nature of the award will obviously vary vrith the conditions of the examination. It may consist merely in a formal recognition …  Lire la suite

De tous les insectes d'importance économique qui s'attaquent au verger, la Pyrale des pommes (Carpocapsa pomonella L.) est probablement celui qui a fait couler le plus d'encre de la part des entomologistes intéressés, tant de la fin du siècle dernier que du début du siècle présent. [...] Il devient donc évident qu'il serait superflu, au début de ce travail, de présenter de nouveau cet insecte commun. D'ailleurs nous ferons plus loin une revue de son histoire et de sa distribution géographique. Les circonstances, qui ont fait germer l'idée de poursuivre le présent travail, ne nous ont jamais laissé de doute …  Lire la suite

The terpenes constitute an important group amongst the naturally occurring organic compounds. They vary greatly in nature and character and a very large number of them are still of unknown constitution. An interesting number of these compounds have been termed terpene aliphatic alcohols. They are comparatively small in number and although non-cyclic in nature, they are closely related to cyclic compounds and prone to cyclize under certain conditions. [...] Their general structure and chemical properties have been fairly thoroughly investigated but the question of their isomeric structures has not yet been definitely settled. A brief historical review of the chemistry …  Lire la suite

Sydney Owenson (Lady Morgan) was born in Dublin on Christmas Day in the year - some say 1783, others 1785, or 1787, and she herself refused to say. "What has a woman to do with dates?" she wrote in her Autobiography. "I mean to have none of them"(l). Her father, Robert MacOwen, "Anglice Owenson", an actor and director, well-known in Dublin theatrical circles of his time, was one of the MacOwens of Connaught. Her mother was Miss Jane Hill, "pious and prudent", daughter of a respectable burgess of the ancient city of Shrewsbury(2). Sydney seems to have been a precocious …  Lire la suite

Today every citizen secures some minimum of education; and the majority of parents regard the schooling of their children as a matter to be taken for granted. The school leaving age, of course, varies with the standards of the community and its laws. But all public school students, particularly of adolescent age, must sooner or later consider this academic work partly as the training for some specific occupation, career, or job. The important question before the community today, then, is a classification of the relationships between the educations we give and the vocations we seek. Such a problem involves an …  Lire la suite

Le thème de la nature n'est pas né au XVIIIe siècle. De tout temps l'homme a ete plus ou moins sensible à l'univers qui l'entoure. Plus il est cultivé. Plus il y voit de mystère, de poésie et de religion. On a vu confirmer cette théorie dans la vie quotidienne. Le sauvage ne s' attache pas aux détails de la nature. au murmure du ruisseau, au bruissement des feuilles, mais tout primitif qu'il soit, il ne demeurera pas insensible devant l'océan en furie. Son âme se soulèvera et voudra se déchaîner comme les elements. [...]  Lire la suite

The problem of fine grinding is that problem connected with the reduction of a rock material to a size such that the valuable mineral it contains may be satisfactorily extracted. Fine grinding is perhaps the most significant process in any milling operation, and forms a commensurate percentage of the unit milling cost. There has been for many years a wide divergence of opinion as to what constitute best operating conditions in a grinding plant. This divergence of opinion was mainly due to a lack of suitable methods of measuring the true efficiency of fine grinding operations. The efficiency of a …  Lire la suite

One of the greatest advances in chemistry in recent years has been the demonstration of the existence of free atoms and radicles as intermediaries in chemical reactions. More and more, reactions which previously were thought to take place through activated molecules directly have been shown on further analysis to depend on preliminary splitting of these molecules into atoms or radicles. Thus there is a peculiar interest in the study of reactions in which a "molecular" mechanism seems of necessity to be involved. Such a reaction is that forming the basis of this present investigation, namely, the reaction between propylene and …  Lire la suite

The present investigation of the delignification of wood in aqueous sulphite solutions is, primarily, a study of the mechanism and kinetics of the chemical reactions which occur in the sulphite process, approached from the physico-chemical point of view. The specific factors studied were the effects of temperature, liquor composition and pretreatment of the wood sample on the rate of delignification. [...] Experimental methods were chosen so that as many of the variable factors as possible could be held constant, and one isolated variable studied at a time. [...] The experimental data has been presented chronologically and is divided into two, …  Lire la suite

The importance of light in the existence of insect life has been known for many years but it is only within the last three decades that much progress has been made in the study of its effect. About 1890 the study of physiological effects of light was receiving considerable attention, but the apparatus and methods available at that time were soon exhausted, and, for about twenty-five years, the subject was almost forgotten. However, with the discovery of the effects of ultraviolet radiation in biology and the development of various sources of artificial light, together with the improvement of photometric methods, …  Lire la suite

The limitations of routine chemical analysis and the impracticability of digestion trials with large animals as indices of nutritive value of pasture grass are discussed. In view of this situation the use of rabbits as pilot animals for farm ruminants is suggested. A trial, comparing the digestive powers of steers and rabbits on pasture grass, is reported. The results show that in general rabbits do not digest the grass to the same extent as steers, the greatest difference showing in the crude fibre fraction. Nevertheless because of their uniform response in digestibility of pasture herbage and the ease with which …  Lire la suite

The recent inauguration of conservation of wild life in North America has focussed the attention of zoologists on the breeding grounds of ducks and geese on this continent. In most instances these areas are situated in Canada and it is here that the problems concerning the health of these birds are important. It is fairly safe to say that the major infestations by internal parasites are contracted in the breeding grounds due to the tremendous numbers of birds congregated in a comparatively small area. This is undoubtedly the case when infestations are present in young birds. Although our knowledge of …  Lire la suite

This thesis deals with the general geology in the vicinity of Bralorne Mines, British Columbia. Late Palaezoic and Mesozoic sedimentary and volcanic rocks have been intruded by igneous masses genetically related to the Coast Range Batholith which has given rise to metalliferous deposits. The ore deposits of Bralorne Mines and Pioneer Mines are described particularly with regard to structural features. The vein bearing fissures of these deposits are, believed to be the result of compressive stresses originating southwest of the area. The ore shoots are believed due to various causes, among which the faulted and branched nature of the vein …  Lire la suite

The critical study of the history of Canadian political parties is comparatively new. Until the publication of Dr. Frank Underhill's provocativemonograph on the development of national parties some thr~e years 1 ago, the history of Canadian parties had appeared only as an incidentalin the biography of some public man. Joseph Pope sketched, with the broadest of strokes, the Conservative party in his study of Sir John A. Macdonald.Substantially the same plan was followed by both Dr. Skelton2 and by the late Sir John "v"Jillison3 in their biographies of Sir liilfrid La.urier. Ofpolitical chronicles there were, of course, a great number …  Lire la suite

This thesis is an attempt to outline the policies and practices of a leading Canadian industrial company in its relations with its employees. Owing to the nature of the subject the identity of the Company is not revealed. The Company is, however, sufficiently representative to afford a general view of progressive industrial policy in employer-employee relationships, although it is perhaps more "typical" of Canadian industry as a whole by its non-recognition of collective bargaining. [...]  Lire la suite

Following reports of the cliscovery of gold in the vicinity of Guillet township during the year 1934, the writer was instructed to prepare a report on the mineral possibiities of this new field and to map the gold-bearing formations, particularly to the east of the Gaboury-Blondeau Map-Area, which had been mapped four years before by J. A. Ratty (1). During the course of this work, which was done in the field seasons of 1935 and. 1936, a suite of early Precambrian rocks was found which, due to unusual conditions of regional metamorphism, afforded an opportunity to gather data on features …  Lire la suite

That an obligation rests on public authorities to provide relief assistance for destitute persons has been recognized in Canada for many years. The English Poor Laws served as the model for early colonial legislation dealing with indigency. Following the accepted English practice, the care of destitute persons was a municipal responsibility. The British North America Act placed the legislative powers to deal with indigency within the ambit of provincial rights. All the provinces made provision for the continuation of municipal responsibility for the needy. [...]  Lire la suite

The conjugated diolefinic hydrocarbons have formed the subject of many investigations during the past forty years. This has been on account of the increasing commercial importance of a few such compounds in the manufacture of synthetic rubbers and similar polymers, and the utilization of by-products of the petroleum and coal-tar industries. In this way much information about the properties and reactions of 1,3-butadiene, isoprene, chloroprene, 2,3-dimethylbutadiene-1,3 and 1,4-diphenylbutadiene-1,3 has been accumulated. The subject of this thesis, 2,3-diphenylbutadiene-1,3, has not been studied to any great extent; but, before dealing with this compound in detail, the general reactions of the conjugated dienes …  Lire la suite

Data are herein reported upon the intra-seasonal changes in the nutritive value of a mixed herbage consisting of Kentucky blue grass, red top and wild wb1te clover as shown by growth and digestibility studies with young rabbits. A progressive decline in nutritive value and digestibility until midsummer and a complete recovery in all respects in the fall was noted. These data would indicate that marked differences in nutritive value may exist between herbage representing only ten days growth when taken at different parts of the season. The effect of small increases in lignin upon the digestibility of the various food …  Lire la suite

THE STRUCTUBE OF DIPYRROLES AND INDOLE FORMATION FROM PYRROLES: From the examples cited in the historical section it was seen that pyrroles reacted with themselves to form dimeric addition products. [...] Pyrroles seldom form salts with acids, and methiodides are practically unknown. Since dipyrroles form salts with one equivalent of acid, at least one of the nitrogen atoms must be different, hence one of the characteristic pyrrole linkages has disappeared. [...] Hydrogen atoms undergo a tautomeric shift is pyrroles, in that the usual reagents give derivatives of either possible form, i.e. HN02 gives ß-nitroso derivatives only, even with pyrrole itself; …  Lire la suite

In this thesis, the writer has discussed the geology ot the Dyke Lake Sheet, in the Upper Hamilton river area of Newfoundland-Labrador. A short summary ot the physiography of the area is given. The thesis is a description of the Kaniapiskau series which are found in the map area; with particular reference to the Dyke Lake Volcanics of the above series, and includes a petrographic description of them. A brief summary of the older Grenville type series, which underlies the Kaniapiskau, is also given.  Lire la suite

During the past decade great advances have been made in the art of welding, so much so, that it has superceded many other methods of making joints and assembling parts. The resulting products have become more satisfactory in every respect as many of the detrimental characteristics have been brought under control and taken care of by changes in the welding details or in the design of the parts. However, it is upon these characteristics that continued study must be made with the object in view of formulating practical procedures to overcome them. Since there are so many variables in the …  Lire la suite

In the gradual unravelling of the complexities of biological materials, it has become apparent that the pyrrole group of chemical compounds plays a prominent role in the production of plant and animal organisms. This family of compounds embraces all those molecules which contain a ring built up of four carbon atoms and a nitrogen atom. The presence of this ring has been established in a series of important vegetable bases, which had previously been regarded solely as derivatives of the six-membered ring pyridine; namely nicotine, hygrine, cuskhygrine, atropine, hyoscyamine, cocaine, tropacocaine, and others. Further, the reduced pyrrole derivative proline (pyrrolidine-2-carboxylic …  Lire la suite

The effect of shock on body tissues has been recognized for many years, although the fundamental causes of shock still remain obscure. [...] At the beginning of the Great War it was generally believed, as the result of animal experiments, that the state of surgical shock was due to a deficiency of the fluid contents in circulating blood. Greatly increased interest was aroused in this condition as a result of the War. On the battlefields shock occurred on an enormous scale, especially when wounds were caused by fragments of shell, bombs and grenades. [...] In most of the treatises on …  Lire la suite

An attempt was made to work out a method whereby higher keto acids could be estimated in the presence of acetoacetic acid and acetone in the urine, the acids being determined as their corresponding ketones. The method proved to be successful for mixtures of acetone with methy1-ethy1 ketone and of acetone with methy1-propyl ketone. The amount of acetone was determined colorimetrically and the amount of acetone and ketone together was determined iodometrically: the quantity of ketone was found by subtraction.  Lire la suite

Investigation into the structure of lignin has, for the most part, been concerned w1th the product obtained from soft woods. Recently it has been observed that the isolation of lignin from hard woods may be effected under milder conditions, and, in one case, a lignin which is still soluble in aqueous solutions of bisulphites has been obtained. A study of the lignin sulphonic acids obtained from soft and from hard woods has been undertaken, in this investigation, in order to compare the chemical structure of the two classes of lignin. The relation between the structure of oak bgrun and its …  Lire la suite

[...] The word Noegenetic in the title of this thesis, the epithet of those processes which generate knowledge in contrastto the anoegnetic or merely quantitative, is a direct acknowledgement of him. But for the fact that I discovered theseprinciples in practice before I read Spearman I should have given as the ti "tle of this thesis "The Application of Spearmanto Education". At the same time I feel that the former posit ion is stronger than if I had merely verified his principlesin practice. [...]It is the object of the following pages to show that the theory of Noegenetic Abstraction holds …  Lire la suite

La biographie romancée est née très récemment. Au commencement du vingtième siècle, l'auteur qui écrivait des "vies" trouvait souvent que très peu de personnes voulaient lire ses livres et un éditeur les considérait un placement difficile. Mais bientôt après la guerre, on commença à voir dans toutes les librairies un genre nouveau,- une biographie qui se vendait assez facilement. Malgré les déceptions des auteurs qui s'étaient demandé d'abord le degré de succès qu'ils pouvaient espérer, le public accepta et même rechercha ces oeuvres. Les collections de biographies romancées se multiplièrent entre 1925 et 1927, [...] et à la fin de …  Lire la suite

Any survey of the occurrence of neoplastic growth in the animal kingdom brings to light two fundamental facts. The first is that the ability to produce such growths is present in a very wide variety of organisms. Malignant tumours are found in every class of vertebrates and in many invertebrates. The second is that although tumours are known to occur in many different groups, their frequency and kind in each of these is markedly different. The ability to form neoplasms is a probably universal characteristic of organized tissues, but some tissues and some genetic constitutions have greater tendencies towards tumour …  Lire la suite

Avant de considérer le christianisme dans l'oeuvre de Mauriac, il est nécessaire dtétudier l'évolution de sa vie religieuse et de suivre le développement de sa pensée à ce point de vue. En effet c'est dans sa propre expérience religieuse que se trouve l'inspiration de son oeuvre. [...]  Lire la suite

The survival of the French Canadians as a distinct ethnic group in the midst of a much larger and more pervasive English-speaking society is, in many ways, usique in the history of race and culture contact. Numbering some 60,000 at the time of the British conquest of Canada in 1163, the French, by virtue of a high rate of natural increase, have grown to almost 3,000,000 in this country. The traditions and customs peculiar to French Canada center around the most cherished elements of its culture: the French language and the Catholic religion. These, in contrast to English Protestantism, are …  Lire la suite

Depuis les commencements de la littérature française, les abus de la justice ont fourni aux satiriques de nombreux thèmes. Beaucoup d'écrivains se sont amusés à railler 1a justice et ses représentants. La Farce de Maître Pierre Patelin, une pièce tellement vieille qu'on ne connaît pas le nom de 1'auteur, est la première manifestation de cette tradition gauloise. Patelin est un avocat, malhonnête à un tel point que son nom est devenu un synonyme de fourbe, calin, flatteur ou hypocrite. Rabelais, dans Pantagruel présente dans le troisième livre, le juge Pierre Dandin qui a "1a manie de juger;" dans le quatrième …  Lire la suite

On a beaucoup écrit sur l'influence de seint François de Sales. Un des critiques les plus distingués en a ainsi exprimé son jugement: "De Philothée à la Visitandine de Paray, de Marguerite-Marie à Bernadette de Lourdes, la dévotion de saint François de Sales est aujourd'hui encore la dévotion d'une foule de catholiques français." C'est déjà beaucoup. Mais un autre critique, non moins distingué, va plus loin. "M. Brémond a raison," dit-il, "mais à mon tour, je dirai: il y a plus encore. Non seulement la dévotion, mais l'Eglise entière s'est orientée dans le sens indiqué par saint François de Sales. …  Lire la suite

In order to understand the place or Jacob Abbott and Louisa Alcott among the writers or American children's books, attention must be given to the New England background in which they moved and, more especially, to the history and place of women and children in that society. Much emphasis, probably too much, has been placed upon the unnatural childhood enforced by the Puritan way of life. In the years of colonial dependence, Calvin's theory of the persistence of the Original Sin was widely accepted in New England. According to this doctrine, children who died young, unless they were in a …  Lire la suite

Pendant ces cinquante dernières années, période bouleversée, s'il en fût,le concept et l'organisation de la famille a beaucoup changé. C'est un sujet qui a attiré l'attention des philosophes, des psychologues, des sociologues et surtout des romanciers. Bordeaux et Bazin, par exemple, avaient présenté le type traditionnel de la famille, et Bourget avait plaidé pour le maintien de la famille traditionnelle. Depuis la guerre, on s'est préoccupé de la famille, non plus pour savoir ce qu'elle devrait être, mais simplement comme un objet d'analyse: on veut savoir ce qu'elle est: en quoi est-elle différente de la famille du siècle dernier? quelle …  Lire la suite

The discovery of Furoic acid as a pyrolysis product of Mucic acid by Scheele 1) in 1780, opened up a ·complex and extremely interesting field or chemistry. In spite of the early discovery of furans, knowledge of this particular branch of organic chemistry is still very limited. Most attempts at determination of structure by substitution and addition reactions have failed, since furan and substituted furans are highly sensitive to the action of mineral acids. In most cases,these bring about the formation of tars, resins and heavy olls of such complex structures that it has been impossible as yet, to determine …  Lire la suite

1. The mechanism of conversion of furfuryl alcohol to methyl levulinate, has been studied, and a more satisfactory mechanism suggested than the one proposed by Pummerer. 2. The use of 2 ,4-dini trophenylhydrazine hydrochloride as a reagent for the study of ring opening in the furan series, has been developed. 3. Some older methods for the recovery of carbonyl compounds from their derivatives, namely distillation with aqueous sodium hydroxide (10%), or sodium carbonate (saturated), chromic acid oxidation and ozonolysis, have been applied to 2,4-dinitrophenyl hydrazones. 4. A method bas been proposed for the synthesis of derivatives of ð-methoxy-levulinaldehyde-dimethylal. 5. The …  Lire la suite

Un théâtre sur le plan chrétien est aujourd'hui une réalité en France où les dramaturges catholiques existent en grand nombre. Ce travail est une étude sur Henri Ghéon, celui qui se trouve à la tête de cette vraie renaissance du théâtre chrétien, théâtre oublié depuis quatre ou cinq siècles. Constatant qu'aucune oeuvre critique d'ensemble n'avait paru sur Ghéon, et qu'on ne pouvait trouver sur son oeuvre que quelques articles dispersés dans diverses revues, nous avons conçu le projet de faire un exposé de la production artistique de ce dramaturge contemporain. [...]  Lire la suite

For many years the existence in wood of a chemically combined lignin-carbohydrate complex has been suspected. As early as 1866 Erdmann (1) pointed out the possible existence of a chemical union between the various components of the cell wall. He had been impressed particularly with the difference between pure cotton cellulose and the cellulosic material in the wood. Erdmann placed much weight in the formulation of his compound hypothesis on the fact that the wood was highly insoluble in Schweizer's reagent. It strengthened his conviction that uncombined cellulose was not present in wood. [...]  Lire la suite

A lignin oomparatively free from carbohydrate has been isolated in high yields from birch woodmeal by extraction with formic acid~ln the absence of any catalyst, and the properties of this isolated formic acid lignin investigated. The application of the Grignard machine to the study of lignins and the prediction of the exiStence of specific groups in these substances have been investigated and the limitations of its usefulness defined. Evidence has been obtained for the existence in birch wood of a ohemically combined lignin-carbohydrate complex.  Lire la suite

The petrology of a complex syenite porphyry stock, occurring on the property of the Aldermac Copper Corporation, west of Noranda, Quebec, is described. The stock is a plexus of dykes of diverse, though related composition, belonging to a soda-rich, alkali-calcic suite. Diversity in composition of the dykes is thought to be due to differentiation at depth, antecedent to injection, rather than to differentiation in place. The economie geology of the Aldermac mine is not discussed although the ore-bodies, which occur to the south of the stock, are possibly genetically related to it.  Lire la suite

Adequate control of the codling moth in the apple orchards of central Washington has become more difficult in recent years than ever before, in spite of improved spraying equipment and increased attention to control measures other than spraying. The work discussed herewith was begun in 1933 as a continuation ot previous efforts of the Washington Experiment Station to improve chemical methods of codling moth control, and in addition, to alleviate the difficulty of removing spray residues at harvest. Most of the expertments were carried on at Wenatchee, Washington, but the analyses of materials as well as some of the arsenical …  Lire la suite

Since the discovery by Wiedemann in 1876 of a peculiar acid in the urine of dogs following camphor feeding, and the subsequent identification of this acid by Schmiedeberg in 1879, much interest has centred sporadically about the nature and physiological activity of glucuronic acid. Early investigations were concerned for the greater part with the chemical nature of this substance, and with methods for its determination and quantitative estimation. Only in the last fifteen years has interest swung to the physiological significance of glucuronic acid in the animal organism. Methods for the quantitative estimation of glucuronic acid have been many and …  Lire la suite

The present investigation, continuing that of Swartz dealing with the same unbleached pulp, is the first fairly comprehensive study of the mechanism of bleaching of kraft pulp, as well as perhaps the most extensive data yet reported regarding bleaching under controlled pH conditions, and using any kind of pulp. 'l1he broad se ope of this research in which the same pulp, the same type of bleaching treatment, and the same analytical methods were always used, permitted an evaluation of the relative importance of several variables calling for consideration in any discussion of the mechanism of bleaching. [...]  Lire la suite

The capitalistic system of economy is generally held by its proponents to be ancillary to the democratic ideal. The basic principle of each rests on the idea of the complete freedom of action of the individual as long as he does not transgress the code of laws designed to promote the well-being of society,these laws being themselves sanctioned by the democratic state. Again, the modern form of democracy grew up with capitalism. For the era of the Industrial Revolution was also the period of political revolutions, both on the continent and in the New World, which undermined despotic forms of …  Lire la suite

The action of the Grignard reagent on anthraquinones has been reported several times in the litarature but the yields in the few instances where they are stated are generally very low (Table I). Improvements in the technique of Grignard reactions, the discovery in 1929 of l,4-addition of the Grignard reagent, under "forced conditions", to an aromatic nucleus, and the increasing knowledge of polynuclear "flne-structure", that is, the position of "the double-bonds in aromatic rings, have led to a renewed interest in the reaction between Grignard reagents and polynuclear substances.(53.86) The introduction is intended to review some of the methods and …  Lire la suite

The purpose of these studies 1s two-fold; first, to determine by cultural and soil tests whether or not the occurrence of scab 1s affected byantagonism between Actinomyces spp., causing scab, and other soil micro-organisms; second, to determine the effectiveness of applying chemicals tothe soil as a control measure for scab and the relationship, if any, between the activity of the chemicals as measured by scab control and theoxidation-reduction potentials of the soils used. The dual nature of the studies to follow necessitates dividing this thesis into two parts.  Lire la suite

Early agriculturists discovered the difference between acid and alkaline soils by means of the trial and error method. They also knew that the addition of lime to an acid soil corrected the acid condition. It was not, however, until science with its nutrient culture experiments secured a foothold that the problems of acid and alkaline soils were put on a firm basis; and as a result, suitable explanations for many of the difficulties were presented. According to Wherry (58) the first paper dealing with the relationship of soil reaction and plant distribution appeared in 1916. It is very interesting to …  Lire la suite

The problem is concerned with the infestation of coniferous logs by barkbeetles and wood-boring insects during the first season following the felling of the tree. The meristem and wood insects concerned in this study were all members of the order Coleoptera, families Cerambycidae (roundheaded borers), Buprestidae (flatheaded borers), Scolytidae(barkbeetles and ambrosia beetles), and Curculionidae (weevils). The coniferous logs under consideration were cut from tree species of pine, spruce, balsam, and hemlock, all found in Eastern Canada. The present study considers the attractiveness of such logs to oviposition by the barkbeetles and woodborers as influenced by a number of factors enumerated …  Lire la suite