McGill University Thèses et mémoires publiés en 1943

The formation of nitrates in soil, under favourable conditions as to moisture, temperature, and aeration is a reaction well known and frequently studied. The bodies yielding nitric acid in the soil are, firstly, the various nitrogenous organic substances which arise from the decay of vegetable or animal matter; and secondly, ammonium salts, either produced in small quantity during the decay of organic matter, or carried to the soil by rain, or in some cases, applied as fertilizers. A further source of the nitrates contained in the soil is to be found in the free nitrogen of the atmosphere, but of …  Lire la suite

In recent years much educational work has been undertaken to inform the general public of the importance of vitamin C in the daily diet and has increased the demand for foods rich in this vitamin. Eruits and fruit juices are generally good sources of vitamin C, but apples are an exception. Fresh apples contain only about 5-10 mgs. ascorbic acid per 100 gms., the amount depending on the variety, and when processed as apple juice much of this is lost or converted into dehydroascorbic acid. Canned apple juice, therefore, contains from nil to 0.2 mg. reduced ascorbic acid and after …  Lire la suite

1. Corn starch has been separated into its two components, amylose and amylopectin by the Tanret-Pacsu procedure and the nitrates of each carefully examined by new methods, namely, (1) Fractionation by Precipitation and Dissolution Methods, (2) a Denitration procedure. The products isolated were subjected to the customary tests used for the characterization of such substances. 2. Oertain pretreatment& of the starch were shown to yield less satisfactory products than when whole starch was used, while nitration by nitric acid alone was found to give more satisfactory products in higher yield than when a "mixed acid" was used. [...]  Lire la suite

[...] Experimental evidence has been obtained indicating theease with which carbonyl groups, assumedly present inthe side chains of native lignin, readily undergoreduction to methylene groups. Furthermore, ligninpolymers containing side chain ether linkages in eitherthe beta or gamma position should readily undergohydrogenolysis at the ether union. On the other hand,if such polymers are united by a carbon-to-carbonlinkage of the side chains, such linkages should beresistant to chain fission by hydrogenolysis even atrelatively high temperatures.  Lire la suite

Criteria for genetic studies in medicine. Allergy, which was the original subject for the author's thesis, is not a single nosological entity. For that reason it was abandoned after months of study in 1939- 40, in favor of the congenital form of heterotaxy known as situs inversus viscerum (to be defined below), a condit~on which more nearly approaches the characteristics of a Mendelian unit character.[...]  Lire la suite

The study of chromosome structure and behaviour antedates by several decades the establishment of genetics on a scientific basis. Beginning, inevitably, as a purely descriptive discipline, chromosome cytology has in recent years expanded and branched until it promises to play an important part in the integration of many fields of scientific investigation. Already it has invaded such subjects as molecular physics and protein chemistry, and made a start, however small, in the interpretation of genetical and embryological observations in chemical terms. With the improvement of present methods of investigation, and the development of new tecnniques, we may look hopefully for …  Lire la suite

A new type, highly efficient, low cost, easily constructed, laboratory fractionating column has been designed and built. 2. Maple holocellulose has been hydrogenated for the first time. From a comparison of the carefully fractionated hydrogenation products with those obtained from maple wood (50) by similar treatment, it has been established that the propylcyclohexyl derivatives isolated from the latter are of lignin and not of carbohydrate origin. [...]  Lire la suite

1. A new method has been developed for the extraction of lignin from maple wood with a yield of ca. 10-11% by a hydrogenation-hydrogenolysis procedure, and a method devised\ for its separation from accompanying carbohydrate materials This lignin has been designated as hydrol lignin. 2. Investigation of the hydrol lignin has shown it to be essentially aromatic in character. 3. Hydrogenation studies of hydrol lignin have indicated a marked similarity of behaviour to wood under the same conditions of hydrogenation.[...]  Lire la suite

paper is a report of the research and original experimentation carried out by the writer under the guidance of Dr. C. E. Kellogg, in the Psychology Department of McGill University, during the academic year of 1942-1943 and the succeeding summer. It investigates a problem in the field of aesthetic psychology which is related to vexing problems in the psychologies of affection, values, and education, namely:- the effects of an instructionally imposed cognitive set upon the proportion of affective response in an aesthetic experience.[...]  Lire la suite

1- The alkaline oxidation of maple and other angiospermswith nitrobenzene gives a mixture of vanillin and syringaldehydein yields of 40-50%, the approximate ratio of thealdehydes being 1:3. This serves to establish the similarityof the lignin present in all plants as of an essentiallyaromatic type, the nuclei present being either of the guaiacylor syringyl types, or both. [...]  Lire la suite

Following the discovery, by Hinshelwood and Thompson , that the reaction type in the decomposition of propionic aldehyde changed from first to second order with decreasing pressure, and with the subsequent acceptance of Lindemann's hypothesis, it became evident that activation, in all thermal reactions, was the direct result of collision. [...]  Lire la suite

The substance cyanogen chloride was first prepared by Berthollet in 1787 by the action of chlorine on hydrocyanic acid. He called it “oxidized prussic acid”, but did not apply any formula to it. Gay-Lussac(l) in 1815 made a more complete investigation of this compound, assigning it the formula CNCl from a consideration of its chemical properties. He found that cyanogen chloride could be prepared by reacting moist hydrocyanic acid with chlorine, or by the action of chlorine on dry mercuric cyanide. The physical constants determined by him for cyanogen chloride are not accurate, because his product was impure. [...] Cyanogen …  Lire la suite

A number of new compounds have been synthesized. They include, among others, eugenol acetate oxide and its chlorhydrin; 1-hydroxyl-( 3,4 dimethoxyphenyl)-propanone-2; 1-(3,4 dimethoxyphenyl)-propanedione-1,2, and probably 3-chlor-1-(4-acetoxy-3 methoxyphenyl)- propanone-2. Several interesting intramolecular rearrangements of aromatic halogenated and hydroxylated ketones of the types, R-CH2-CO-CH2Cl, R-CHOH-CO-CH3 and R-CHBr-CO-CH3 (where R = 3,4 dimethoxyphenyl) have been demonstrated and their bearing on the structure of lignin pointed out.  Lire la suite

Dans cette thèse, je me propose de traiter du sentiment de Dieu et de la nature dans les oeuvres de Francis Jammes. Au premier chapitre, j’essayerai d’expliquer la relation qu’il y a entre les événements de la vie de l’auteur et la publication de ses oeuvres. En prenant chaque ouvrage, en ordre chronologique, je jetterai un coup d’oeil sur chacun en résumant les idées principales. Le chapitre qui suit sera consacré en entier aux oeuvres qui s’intéressent tout particulièrement a la nature et à Dieu. J’étudierai les oeuvres dont les critiques ont traité spécialement. Dans le troisième chapitre, je traiterai …  Lire la suite

The condensation of acetaldehyde with a variety of aromatic and heterocyclic ring compounds in the presence of sulphuric acid has been studied to determine its versatility as a method for the synthesis of unsymmetrically disubstituted ethanes. Such ethanes are source materials for vinyl compounds, useful for the manufacture of synthetic rubbers and plastics. A number of new compounds have been reported and a number of older syntheses have been improved. In general, it has been found that benzene, alkyland alkoxyl-substituted benzenes give satisfactory yields of ethanes, whereas the more reactive phenols, amines, and heterocyclic compounds give only resinous products, and …  Lire la suite

This paper deals mainly with the "T" network, and its design for phase shift and impedance transforming applications. Attention is directed to other circuits which yield to similar treatment. A number of formulas are presented which can tell the designer just what he wants to know. Some of the formulas may be new to the art, at any rate they have not been noticed in past or current publications. The formulas have a theoretical justification, and their utility has been proven in a number of years of practical design. The formulas are illustrated by a number of practical applications, one …  Lire la suite

One of the most characteristic of trends in modern civilization has been the continued concentration of population in urban communities. All of the social sciences are concerned in their subject matter with this development, although some, such as demography, deal with it more directly than others. Many important social theories are attempts to explain the change in the mode of men’s relationships, occasioned by the wide diffusion of forms of thought and conduct generated by the processes of city life. [...]  Lire la suite

Several new compounds have been synthesized, including 3-hydroxyl-1 ( 3,4 dimethoxyphenyl) -2-propanone; 1-brom-1-(3,4-dimethoxyphenyl)-2-propanone and 3-hydroxyl-1-(4-benzoyl-3-methoxyphenyl)-2-propanone. [...]  Lire la suite

When the present war began in September 1939, the evils of inflation so typical of the first world war induced the warring nations to adopt the principle of price control. Germany had established an over-all price ceiling in October 1936, which indicates how long ago Germany had begun to prepare her economy to withstand the shock of war. An actual price inflation constituted no serious threat to Canada at the start of the war because we had idle capital and idle labour. The amount of economic “slack” arising from developments prior to the outbreak of war is surveyed in Chapter …  Lire la suite

The viscosity stability of polyvinyl acetate in mustard gas and in Bis(2-chloroethyl)Ether has been investigated and the effect of the addition of various salts and cosolvents determined. Iron has been shown to cause large viscose changes with ageing. Precipitation of the polymer solution has revealed that a molecular weight change occurs with ageing. An investigation of the structure of gelling solutions has indicated that the molecular weight change in a solution with increasing viscosity is a result of cross bridging between polymer chains. A cell has been designed to determine the osmotic pressures of heterogeneous polyvinyl acetate samples. The molecular …  Lire la suite

The name “Lorraine” is applied to a group of sandy shale formations of Ordovician age whose type sections are found in northwestern New York on the southwest side of the Adirondack area. The Lorraine beds of New York and equivalent strata of other areas are underlain by black, more or less bituminous shales commonly known as the “Utica” shales. That all so-called “Utica” shales may not be identical in age with the typical Utica formation of Utica, New York, is, however, generally appreciated. Strata which have long been recognized as approximate equivalents of the Utica and Lorraine formations of New …  Lire la suite

The importance of phenanthrene derivatives in pharmacology, physiology and pathology has become clearly recognized since many useful drugs, essential metabolites and potent carcinogens have been shown to include this group in their chemical configuration. Morphine, colchicine, the bile acids, cardiac glucosides, toad poisons, the vitamin D group, cholesterol and the steroid hormones, in spite of their qualitatively different biological activities, are nevertheless closely related chemically in that they are all phenanthrene or perhydrophenanthrene derivatives. [...]  Lire la suite

Until very recently interest in the steroid hormones has centered round the problem of their exact chemical structure and their main physiological actions in the organism. Now that the chemical structure and the physiological role of many of these hormones are known interest is being manifested in their intermediary metabolism. An understanding of the changes undergone by the hormones in the course of their inactivation and excretion by the animal body, will, it is hoped, provide information regarding the chemical mechanisms involved when these hormones produce their physiological effects in the organs and tissues upon which they act.  Lire la suite

The field of municipal finance has been signally neglected by Canadian economists. With the exception of a few isolated articles and the very indifferent publication known as “The Municipal Review of Canada”, little is written on the subject. The Union of Nova Scotia Municipalities at its Conventions sometimes discusses salient municipal problems, but only too often its proceedings are of little interest to the academic observer. A number of Royal Commissions have sat to consider municipal problems but, apart from obvious generalities, their reports have only too often been of parochial interest only. The main conclusion I can come to …  Lire la suite

During the past half-century, there has been a growing tendency to take Shakespere from the theatre and place him on the bookshelves of educational institutions and private homes. Consequently, Shakespere is thought of more in literary than in theatrical terms, and there has grown up a whole generation of people whose closest association with Shakespere has been in the school or college classroom. In his day, the plays were witnessed, heard, and felt; even in our grandfathersf and fathers' day there were still repertory companies which presented Shakespere as a part of their regular programme. Our ovm generation is one …  Lire la suite

A Russian species of dandelion, Taraxacum kok-saghyz Rod. is now being used in that country as a source of rubber. As the rubber produced by this plant is of high quality, it is possible that the propagation of the species in Canada might prove to be of national benefit. Seed of Taraxacum kok-saghyz has been brought to this country, and an effort is being made to determine the potentialities of the plant under Canadian growing conditions. Its proposed introduction here, as a commercial crop, raises problems of breeding and cultivation. The plants show variation in rubber content of the roots, …  Lire la suite

Early work on lignin chemistry, has been reviewed by Phillips (1), Freudenberg (2), and Hagglund (3), and may be suodivided into two parts. During the period 1897 (*0 to 193b (5;, Xlason's original "coniferyl-oxyconiferyl alcohol Hypothesis11 in which polymers of coniferyl alcohol, coniferyl aldehyde, guaiacol aldol, etc. were included, underwent various modifications. Tnis theory, which may oe regarded as constituting tne first pnase of lignin research, was based on the following: tne universal occurrence of coniferyl alcohol in all young plant tissue (60 the data derived from the analysis of the spruce ligninsulfonic acias and from solvent-extracted material (spruce wood; …  Lire la suite

In the United States, Canada and in various countries throughout Europe a great deal of research has been conducted on the nature and cause of boron starvation in plants. This has led to the accumulation of valuable information as well as to the proposal of several theories concerning the abnormal effects occurring in plants when grown on a substratum in which the available supply of boron is inadequate or lacking. An examination of the literature on the study of the physiological effects occuring in plants due to a lack of boron reveals that there is a good deal of evidence …  Lire la suite

The purpose of this treatise is to present a study of the contribution made by Baptists in Canada to the development of education in this country. It aims to give a broad treatment of the subject without overlooking significant details. In the preparation of such a study it will be necessary to refer to the background of ideas and their historical unfolding. For this reason, therefore, reference is made to the writings of church historians, reports in contemporary newspapers, articles in religious periodicals, records of proceedings, legislative enactments, and quotations from religious and educational leaders. The literature in the field …  Lire la suite

Drosophila melanogaster were treated with nicotine sulphate solution by both intermittent and continuous spraying methods. There was no clearly demonstrated superiority of one method over the other. An analysis of variance performed on observed mortalities expressed as angles of equal information indicated that increasing age of flies, increasing numbers of flies per cage, longer delays between filling of the cages and spraying, and increased proportions of males in the samples, raised observed mortalities significantly. The type of cloth used to cover the cages must be standardized. Data on fly ages and numbers of flies per cage were also put through …  Lire la suite

Dans cette thèse nous nous proposons de traiter l’enfant dans l’oeuvre des écrivains catholiques de l’époque contemporaine. Ce sujet tient une place importante dans leurs ouvrages comme nous le verrons dans les pages qui vont suivre. Il est évident que cette place a grandi et qu’elle grandira encore plus. Pourquoi ont-ils traité ce sujet ? Nous croyons qu’en ceci il ne faut que suivre l’exemple de l’Eglise dans ces derniers temps, qui comprend mieux que jamais, que les premières années, les années de formation physique et intellectuelle, sont les plus importantes et celles qui détermineront plus tard le caractère de …  Lire la suite

A new method for the extraction of native lignin from spruce (soft) wood has been developed using high pressure catalytic hydrogenation in acid and alkaline hydrolytic media. The preferential hydrogenation and inactivation of the reactive centres responsible for polymerization-condensation reactions and amorphous lignin formation have been affected during the hydrolytic extraction without reduction of the aromatic nucleus. Yields of aromatic C6-C-C and C6-C-C-C products amounting to 12.6% of the initial Klason lignin were identified. In addition, completely distillable hydroaromatic products amounting to 60 - 65% calculated on the original Klason lignin content of the wood were obtained. Aromatic and hydroaromatic …  Lire la suite

Jacob Mountain, second son of Jacob Mountain, of Thwaite, in the county of Norfolk, and of Ann Postle his wife, was born at Thwaite Hall, December 30, 1749. No authentic history of the family before the eighteenth century has been discovered, but Jacob Mountain’s earlier biographer discusses several conjectural lines of descent. There is a possible connection between the Mountain family of Norfolk and George Montaigne, Bishop of Durham (later Archbishop of York) in the early seventeenth century. There is a further possible connection with one Abraham de Montaigne, Chaplain to the Falloon refugees who fled from Flanders and found …  Lire la suite

War as a theme for art has appealed to creative minds through the ages. Drama, poetry, fiction, music, and painting have all dealt with some phases of this phenomenon which has been a most persistent and paradoxical part of man's life. That the imagination should be fascinated by war and the remembrance of war can be explained by the spectacular importance of armed conflict through human history and its essential complexity, a complexity including most of the instincts, passions, emotions, and ideals which are the richest impulses and sources of art. [...]  Lire la suite

The work discussed in this thesis was undertaken as project CE 81 of the extra mural group for the Directorate of Chemical Warfare. The general problem was to find a suitable thickener for mustard gas, such that the thickened solutions might be used in aircraft spray and in chemical shell. For aircraft spray a liquid was required which had a viscosity approximating 6 poises at l0°C.; for chemical shell, a viscosity of 12 poises at 10°C. was necessary. The solution was to be stable up to temperatures as high as 140°F. for periods longer than one year. In England, chlorinated …  Lire la suite

All biological assays are subject to variability in response. The variability may be of biological or mechanical origin, and its presence imposes limitations upon the accuracy of the interpretations of the assay. Since accuracy is of fundamental importance in the practical application of these assays, any modifications in present procedures which will reduce variation wil1 likewise inarease the precision of the test and thereby increase its usefulness.[...]  Lire la suite

Optimum conditions were found for amination of the sodium dinitrotolyl-3-sulphonates, dissolved in the spent liquor from the purification of trinitrotoluene by the sodium sulphite process. With methylamine as reagent, one ton of crude trinitrotoluene yields 61.2 lbs. of dinitro-3-N-methyl toluidines. The nitration of the dinitro-3-N-methyltoluidines by nitric acid and mixed acids has been investigated. The reaction conditions for optimum yield in these various nitrating agents have been set. According to one of these processes, one ton of crude trinitrotoluene would give 61.3 lbs. of m-methyl-tetryl.  Lire la suite

1. An investigation of various hydrogenation catalysts has been made with relation to their effectiveness in bringing about degradation of a maple lignin, isolated from maple wood in a neutral aqueous ethanol medium, by a combined high-pressure hydrogenolysis-hydrogenation treatment. Raney nickel and copper chromium oxide were found the most suitable. 2. The important factors involved in the extraction of lignin from maple wood by high pressure hydrogenation have been studied. These involved consideration of (a) nature of catalyst and solvent; (b) time; (c) temperature and (d) pH of the reaction medium with the object of isolating, in maximum yield, the …  Lire la suite

period of turmoil, anarchy, and bloodshed thatbrought to a close the Roman Republic set upon the stage ofhistory two figures which seem to share the honors of thetime. The names of Cicero and Caesar are almost synonymouswith the last days of the Roman Republic. And yet these menin family, character, and ambition were the antithesis ofeach other. Marcus Tullius Cicero belonged to the equestrianclass.[...]  Lire la suite

Dans une thèse, travail forcément restreint, le lecteur netrouvera pas un portrait achevé du caractère anglais, bien que M*Maurois en ait fait, dans ses écrits, une étude approfondie*En consultant la Tables des matières de ces modeste pages, onverra que, en plus des chapitres consacrés aux traits de caractèredes Anglais, à la place prépondérante que les Anglais donnent auxsports, à leur traditionalisme et à leur forme d'intelligence, troischapitres supplémentaires durent trouver place*Faute d'espace donc, maints détails intéressants notés parl'auteur au cours de ses recherches, furent mis de côté* Espéronstout de même que ces quelques pages donneront un aperçu suffisantbien qufimparfait du …  Lire la suite

We must always carefully distinguish between the explanation of the existence of interest and the condemnation of, or apology for, interest. In this thesis I shall try to isolate the explanations of the nature and origin of interest, according to the various theories, from the answers to the subsidiary questions: Ought interest to exist at all? (a) If not, can we abolish it, and how? (b) If so, what is the proper policy that statesmen should have in regard to interest on capital? [...]  Lire la suite

Reactions of tetrahydrolinalool with hydrogen chloride and hydrogen bromide at 25°C. and -78°C. were studied. The effect on the reaction of added substances, e.g. benzoyl peroxide, aluminum bromide, was observed under various conditions. The results obtained indicated a catalytic effect not unlike that exerted by peroxides and metal halides on addition to unsaturated compounds. No claim is made for a true “peroxide effect,” but it is concluded that rate studies, as a means of clarifying the reaction mechanism for substitution reactions of this type are unreliable, on account of the apparent complexity of the reaction. Various phases of the preparation …  Lire la suite

Plus longtemps que le Franqais, le Canadien a gardel'ame simple, mystique et quelque peu superstitieuse de sesancetres. Descendant des paysans et des artisans franqaisqui quitterent la Normandie, la Vendee et la Saintonge auXVII9 siecle pour venir s'etablir sur les bords du Saint-Laurent, le Canadien est reste attache a une vie de traQitions.De pare en fils il s'est transmis ses terres, sesmoeurs, ses croyances et ses souvenirs. Cependant la viemoderne, vie d'individualisme et de mecanisme, commence aprendre ~ied dans les villages les plus eloignes des grandscentres, et bientot le tison de ~oel, l'eau de Paques, le"petit bal a l'huile", seront choses …  Lire la suite

[...] Our opening chapter presents an analysis of the labour problems which are common to all war economies whether totalitarian or democratic, socialist or capitalist. This chapter provides us w1 th the necessary analytical background against which we can superimpose, as it were the labour problems and policies of the three countries included in our study. The next three- chapters are devoted to a descriptive and critical analy-sis of the wartime labour policies of Germany, Great Britain and Canada in the order mentioned. The fifth and concluding chapter including short summary and critical comparison and appraisal Of the policies discussed …  Lire la suite

When men broke the rules of nature and fought each other they created a new form of action- War. That's where it all started. Animals do not make war, pack with pack, on their own kin, with one or two exceptions (and in the case of ants and bees the cause may be considered the same as in war). Man probably did not fight his fellow in early primitive history. Some say that war goes back but 20,000 years and that it is not a 1. fatal product of human nature - not something man can't resist as such. It …  Lire la suite

Bernard Shaw was twenty-six before he turned his thoughts towards political and economic science and his energies towards social reform. The importance of the economic basis," as he has called it, first dawned on him at a lecture given by Henry George before the Land Nationalization Society in London in 1882. Nevertheless, during his boyhood and youth in Dublin, influences were at work which help to explain his later career. The boy's father, George Carr Shaw, was an *rish Protestant who fought a losing battle to maintain his position in upper middle-class society. He was a timid, inefficient man holding …  Lire la suite

[...] The perennial aquatic plants of P. natans have their floating stems submersed and rooting at the bottom. Their elliptical leaves are glabrous on both surfaces, glossy, and frequently reddened above. The inflorescence is a short denseflowered ovoid panicle. The two types of heterostyled flowers are segregated on separate plants. The £hort-styled flowers contain long anthers with a very much reduced ovary. The long-styled flowers have a well developed ovary, but the stamens are reduced. The long-styled type is characteristic of the inflorescences used in this study. The deeply colored pink calyx is extremely conspicuous. The five much reduced stamens …  Lire la suite

Methyl-bis-β-chloroethylamine generally designated by “S” ha a been found to produce physiological effects of such a nature as to warrant the possibilities of its use as an agent for chemical warfare. However, stabilization of the compound has been found difficult. Naturally it was desirable to obtain a good knowledge of the chemistry involved in the degradation process. When investigations were commenced in this laboratory there was little concrete information available, as is indicated in the introduction to the first section. The subject is conveniently treated as a series of topics:- 1. The reactions of “S” in absolute menthol were studied …  Lire la suite

The kinetics of the thermal decomposition of the simplealiphatic hydrocarbons have been the subject of numerous investigationsbecause of their considerable theoretical andcommercial importance. However, the deduction of reliabledecomposition mechanisms from thermal data is difficult becauseof the complexity of the changes involved. Consequently, thepresent trend in the field of gas kinetics is to investigate thedecomposition of the lower aliphatic hydrocarbons by othermethods. One of the·se, the reac·tion of hydrocarbons withhydrogen atoms, produced by the Wood-Bonhoeffer electricdischargemethod, has received considerable attention. Studiesof the decomposition of isobutane and of butadiene by thismethod are the subject of the present investigations. However,before dealing with th9s~,it …  Lire la suite

This paper reports a study of the accuracy of (1) the direct, (2) the by-difference, (3) the graphical, and (4) the regression methods of determining digestibility coefficients of the individual feeds of mixed pig rations. In practically all cases the graphical and regression methods gave the more reliable results. It is suggested that either of these two statistical methods be used in preference to more commonly employed methods for determining the digestibility coefficients of individual feeds usually fed in mixed rations. A critical review of other factors causing variability of digestibility coefficients is given.  Lire la suite