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388.More information
Since the beginning of the teaching of music, called “music education” in the French general school system, singing has been one of the two main activities. Even if no repertoire has ever been really imposed, successive institutional orientations have laid the emphasis on moral and political ideologies or even on the song as a tool supporting language (Alten 1995). But today, as we talk about common culture within the school system, what can be said about repertoires taught in France? What is the impact of ambient social music practices and of teachers' culture on the repertoire they choose? Two national inter-academic descriptive/comprehensive surveys simultaneously addressed to primary school teachers (primary school; n=935) and to secondary teachers (junior high school; n=104) reveal some characteristics of the repertoire sung in classes from kindergarten to the last year of junior high. They show the fairly constant use of French songs from the years 1945-1968 or by singers-songwriters from the Parisian “Left Bank.” The results also show links between primary school and junior high including the recurring presence of some composers. Nevertheless, clear differences appear in some musical categories (children's song in primary school, jazz and learned repertoire in junior high). The selection criteria (the text in primary schools, the issue of vocal feasibility in both cases and a knowledge of musical rudiments in junior high schools) show different challenges at primary and high school levels and shed light on the specific backgrounds of the teachers in charge of this teaching (non-specialized teachers in primary schools and specialized teachers in junior high schools).
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389.More information
Gods were crowned in classical Greece. Aphrodite and Venus wore crowns of roses. In the majority of seasonal rituals and ceremonies, laurel crowns were commonly worn by celebrants and participants.
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