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The adoption of the United Nations Convention on the Conservation and Sustainable Use of Marine Biodiversity beyond National Jurisdiction (BBNJ) (known as the “High Seas Treaty”) is the product of almost twenty years of international negotiations. In an international context where Latin American and Caribbean (LAC) states are traditionally presented as occupying a peripheral position, this article examines the influence of LAC states in the normative development process affecting the regulation of the high seas. To this end, a qualitative analysis using process-tracing is applied to the period 2008-2022, drawing on a variety of sources (UN sites, semi-structured interviews, research projects, grey literature). The article is thus positioned at the crossroads of two debates: the first, on LAC States in international environmental and oceanic negotiations ; the second, on the place of LAC in the development of global standards.

Keywords: Océans, négociation internationale, Amérique latine, Caraïbes, diplomatie, Oceans, international negotiations, Latin America, Caribbean, diplomacy

This introductory article to Recherches sociographiques thematic issue entitled “Les petites sociétés vues du Québec: études et chantiers” (Small societies as seen from Quebec: studies and projects) begins by presenting criticisms of the concept of the small society. It then traces the Quebec history of this field of study and examines other concepts that have been used to describe the overall characteristics of Quebec society. In closing, it summarizes each of the articles in this issue, namely by relating them to studies conducted on small nations and small states, topics that reveal the self-consciousness of the small society as well as its singular means and needs. Along the way, this introductory article outlines the “subjective” and “objective” contours of the small society.

Keywords: petite société, petite nation, petit État, société québécoise, comparaison, épistémologie, small society, small nation, small state, Quebec society, comparison, epistemology

In France, the “À la manière de” (“In the manner of” or “In the style of”) is a pedagogical scenario that consists in asking students to copy a work of art with school resources. This model is highly contested, but also very widespread. This paradox prompts an analysis of the didactic model using the tools of art history, history of education and creativity theory. This analysis allows the formulation of seven modifications that could be made to the scenario to give it more pedagogical interest and artistic accuracy. Two teaching sequences in visual arts are proposed as examples of activities that replace the notion of copying with that of interpretation or adaptation.

Keywords: arts plastiques, copie d'interprétation, créativité, didactique de l'art, intermédialité, visual arts, interpretation copy, creativity, art didactics, intermediality

Based on the assimilation of international law to a discourse that actors in the international juridical field use to justify or criticize their respective positions, this study is divided into two parts. Firstly, it is shown that the expansionist interpretation of self-defense put forward by Russia, while not innovative, has, as in the precedents to which it echoes, been rejected by the international community of States as a whole. Secondly, it should be emphasised that, in this context, the law of "neutrality", forged at the end of the 19th century, takes on a particular meaning in relation to the United Nations Charter. In a system in which the use of force is both strictly prohibited in terms of substance and regulated by collective security bodies in terms of procedure, States that are not part of the conflict have the right to assist Ukraine in defending itself against Russian aggression. This does not mean that the principle of neutrality no longer has any scope. In addition to the fact that it still characterizes jus in bello, it finds declinations in jus contra bellum, whether to characterize the use of force in a civil war or to qualify the missions of peacekeeping operations.

In this study, it is argued that the existence of certain minimum requirements of the rule of law characterizes any “normal state.” This restrictive sense of the rule of law is based on the ability of any “normal state” to prevent and punish serious violations of objective law, including the prevention of mass crimes and their punishment in cases of serious violations. It is therefore a question of the effectiveness of the legal order of the State. In this sense, Kelsen like Kant already assimilated the State to law, to an order of constraints. States in which anarchy reigns instead of law are thus considered failed states, which would require an appropriate response from the international community. This approach of the failed state has the merit of refocusing the related debate on the question of the effectiveness no longer of the government, but on that of the law, even if the two are linked.

With the acceleration of international academic mobility, an increasing number of international students settle in a foreign city to pursue an academic degree. Such an experience comes with many challenges, be they economic, social, cultural, or linguistic. This study, conducted in a Canadian context, is specifically interested in the linguistic challenges international students faced outside the campus. The qualitative analysis of reflexive journals and focus groups carried out with 19 allophone and anglophone participants learning French at a Montreal university indicates that the main challenges to the use of French in the local community stem in the sociolinguistic characteristics of an environment characterized by French-English bilingualism and linguistic variation, combined with linguistic insecurities.

Keywords: étudiant⋅e⋅s internationaux⋅les, communication, intégration linguistique, apprentissage des langues, mobilité universitaire, international students, communication, linguistic integration, language learning, academic mobility, estudiantes internacionales, comunicación, integración lingüística, aprendizaje de lenguas, movilidad universitaria

This article focuses on the informational practices of students in the field of food and health. The study follows a survey that took place in 2021 at the University of Grenoble Alpes during the pandemic. The objective was to assess the food insecurity of students using a questionnaire proposing a scale of food insecurity based on experiences (FIES) validated by the FAO. Four categories were identified: food secure, mildly food insecure, moderately food insecure and severely food insecure. Based on a representative sample of these categories, 46 semi-structured interviews were conducted in order to determine the sources consulted, the objectives of the information searches, the link with food and cooking practices and the place of health. The results are discussed in the light of the concept of information poverty and lead to recommendations.

Keywords: pratiques informationnelles, alimentation, pauvreté informationnelle, précarité alimentaire, information de santé, information practices, nutrition, information poverty, food insecurity, health information