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396.More information
AbstractWithout posing the hypothesis of a gendered nature of writing – if Oulipian writing appears factually to be a man's profession, it does not necessarily follow that it belongs ipso facto to a given genre, and stylistically identifiable as such – this paper aims to consider how some texts by Michelle Grangaud, Anne F. Garréta, and Michèle Audin negotiate with the apparent difficulty of being a “constrained” woman writer.
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397.More information
The first objective of this article is to replace the objects of the humanistic disciplines (culture and symbolic meaning) in the continuity of the objects of the natural sciences. I make the hypothesis that meaning does not suddenly appear with humanity but rather that different layers of coding and memory (quantum, atomic, genetic, nervous and symbolic) are gradually piling up and becoming more complex, the symbolic stratum being only the latest of the “writing machines”. The second concern of the text is to define the specificity and unity of the symbolic layer, and thus the field of the human sciences. By contrast with a certain logocentric tradition, I show that symbolism includes semiotics (such as cooking or music) where the signifier/signified cut-off is not as relevant as it is for languages. The third issue of this essay is to show that humanity's cultural forms and interpretative powers evolve with its writing machines. The emergence of digital technology, in particular, suggests a refinement of the human sciences to the point of calculating semantic complexity. This attempt to redefine human sciences in the continuity of the natural sciences presupposes an ontology - or meta-ontology, to use Marcello Vitali-Rosati's expression - for which the notions of writing and memory are central and to which, at odds with Kantian criticism, accepts the full reality of natural spatiality and temporality.
Keywords: ontologie, meta-ontologie, espace, temps, écriture, mémoire, être, symbole, anthropologie, sacrifice, sémiotique, sémantique, herméneutique, humanités, humanisme, numérique, ontology, meta-ontology, space, time, writing, memory, being, symbol, anthropology, sacrifice, semiotics, semantics, hermeneutics, humanities, humanism, digital
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398.More information
This article deals with the retranslation of literary works from a theoretical and practical perspective. In order to establish the theoretical principles required, we develop the six textual and contextual variables and criteria typology proposed by Alvstad and Assis (2015), based on the traditional “Five W´s and One H” approach, which help to analyze at different internal and external translating levels the retranslations at stake. We therefore establish what retranslation is, who retranslates, and when, where, why, and how retranslations are done. Next, every one of those six variables is studied and collated in relation with the eighteen retranslations of Moby-Dick (Herman Melville, 1851) published in Spain since the publication of the first translation in 1940. The analyses of how those six criteria act in the different retranslations of the novel allow, first, to conceptualize and systematize the retranslation occurrence; and then, we study the information about the impact and reception of Moby-Dick in Spain provided by those eighteen retranslations appeared in eighty years.
Keywords: retraducción, parámetros de la retraducción, en España, historia de la traducción, retraducciones activas vs. pasivas, retraduction, variables de retraduction, en Espagne, histoire de traduction, retraductions actives vs. passives, retranslation, retranslation variables, in Spain, translation history, active vs. passive retranslations
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