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This paper draws a parallel between regional policies and claims of social movements in Québec. It is structured as follows: first, it discusses the new official discourse about « partner state » (Etat accompagnateur), which supports the current restructuring of the regional administration. Secondly, it analyses the main trends of the regional situation in order to lay down negative consequences of spatial specialization. Thirdly, it examines a regional social movement, as one case of an emerging community discourse which links economic and social development. And, finally, it replaces the regional question into the context of a fundamental social choice and into a geopolitical perspective which concerns both regions and the state. The theoretical background of this paper is drawn from regulation theory.

Keywords: Région, État, territoire, régulation, mouvements sociaux, développement, Québec, Region, state, territory, regulation, social movements, development, Quebec

Northern Quebec is a complex geographical environment which is still relatively unknown. Quebec's Plan Nord (2011) has brought a renewed interest in the region, despite the ups and downs of the project. Nevertheless, Quebec geographers have been interested in the North for several decades. Their work, pioneered by Louis-Edmond Hamelin, offers different readings of Northern Quebec and Canada. Their writings can be analyzed through an epistemological dimension or a sociopolitical angle. The aim of this research is to compare the different visions of four well-known authors: Louis-Edmond Hamelin, Christian Morissonneau, Jules Dufour, and Caroline Desbiens. They all seem to be part of a time continuum that spreads over half a century, although their writings on the North present a range of approaches and ideas. The results will offer a panorama of their writings on a massive piece of land in Quebec, and on a particularity: nordicity, which can be found at different levels across the province.

Keywords: Conceptions, territoire, Nord, géographes, Québec, Vision, territory, North, geographers, Quebec, Concepciones, territorio, Norte, geógrafos, Quebec

Social sciences literature on the subject of informality in Latin America provides insight into the cadence of Latin American political economy dating back to the 1970s, as well as to similar trends concerning state restructuring. The attention brought to the ties between the evolution of informality and state restructuring centres on the period of “left turns” in the 2000s. What becomes clear is the limited power of the state's recent, and partial return, as well as, more significantly, the great liberal story about defining informality and its reach in the region today.

International migration is transforming societies planet-wide and giving rise to new questions. What new observations can be made by combining emigration/immigration, economic necessity and reconfiguration of social and family relationships? How do official languages in a minority context come into play, particularly in the case of Nova Scotia? These questions are explored, questions for further research are proposed and relevant theories and methods for the collection of data and field work are considered.

AbstractThis essay aims to demonstrate and explain how Russia's evolution and positioning internationally has led, with the annexation of the Crimea and the war in Donbass, to a deterioration in its relations with the West unprecedented since the end of the cold war. It shows how multipolarity became the primary objective of Russia's foreign policy as early as 1996 due to the expansion of Nato and subsequently became one of the main recurring factors leading to the current situation. It also highlights and compares the choices made in this context by the two Canadian governments elected since the crisis. It shows how and to what extent the current government's stances and options have been influenced by past relations between Canada and Russia.

Keywords: Multipolarité, Russie, Canada, Ukraine, Otan, politique étrangère, Multipolarity, Russia, Canada, Ukraine, nato, foreign policy, Multipolaridad, Rusia, Canada, Ucrania, Otan, política internacional

National discourses, forms of ethno-national belonging, and nationalist values are said to be based, since the 18th century, on heteronormativity, gender binarism, sexual dimorphism, and, consequently, on the regulation or invisibilization of sexual and gender diversity. In recent years, I have focused on technologies of national identity management related to governmentality and biopolitics, as well as on the uses made of academic productions (especially anthropological ones) to shape the discursivity that regulates sexual and gender diversity. Based on my experiences of multi-sited ethnographic research, I propose a theoretical debate aimed at decentering the gaze on expressions of sexual and gender diversity which could lead to a subversion of the order of things and to the proposal of another possible common world against the necropolitical expansionism of the new moral crusades.

Keywords: système-monde, État-nation, décolonialité, sexualité, hétérotopie, World-system, nation-state, decoloniality, sexuality, heterotopia

Indirect translation is a phenomenon often overlooked and underestimated in studies on the reception in China of Victor Hugo, and other French writers, long considered as mere bilateral exchanges between China and France. In the light of the theory of cultural transfer and in particular of the notion of third established by Michel Espagne, while using the methodological tools of research on indirect translation, this article aims to reveal the intermediary role of Soviet Russia in the reception of Victor Hugo in China and to shed light by this example on the importance and the mechanism of indirect translation. Through the analysis of Gavroche's indirect translations made through the USSR, as well as the examination of Hugo's romantic image in China which is imbued with Sovietized Marxist theories, it is finally demonstrated that Soviet Russia exerts a profound influence on the Chinese institution of literature and thus plays the decisive role of third in the Chinese reception of the French writer, not only in terms of circulation and translation, but also in that of interpretation. It is in this perspective that the article proposes to study linguistic and cultural encounters in literary reception.

Keywords: Victor Hugo, réception, Chine, traduction indirecte, tiers, Victor Hugo, reception, China, indirect translation, third, Victor Hugo, recepción, China, traducción indirecta, tercero

Vidal de la Blache (1845-1918) has always been interested in the “modernization” of the world. He was fascinated by the strong influence of railroads on spatial organization, social structure, forms of government, and people's mentality. And he tried to explain the complex interrelations or combinations between “traditional and fixed structures” and “modern contacts and circulation.” This paper examines what kind of role his research on Asian countries played in the formation and development of his own geographical conception. What perspective did he gain from the experience of modernization in a non-European region? By exploring his research on Asia, we could reconsider not only the development of his conception of modern human geography, but also his vision of the formation of the modern world.

Keywords: Vidal de la Blache, modernisation, circulation, contradiction, Asie, Vidal de la Blache, modernization, circulation, contradiction, Asia, Vidal de la Blache, modernización, circulación, contradicción, Asia

With reference to the reflection on exile proposed by Edward Said, Tzvetan Todorov, etc., we focus on the ambivalence and paradox of exile in the writing of Milan Kundera: the ambiguous and complicated relations between exile and writing, and joint themes such as homeland, identity, language in his essays, as well as in his novels. Exile is perceived as suffering and as a field of fertility for the writer torn between two homelands, two cultures and two languages. Corresponding to nomadism, pluralism and the adventurous spirit of the writer, exile is thus transformed into a positive sign. If exile inevitably raises the question of identity in connection with languages, the past and the memory; it also metaphorizes the modern human destiny characterized by uprooting and instability. Under an ambiguous identity, man sets out in search of the true homeland that is art, literature. The writing of exile is an expression of identity anxieties in the face of change, but also of the need to overcome them. Art becomes the homeland, literature a true home, because it corresponds to the writer's aspiration to freedom and eternity by making works resistant to the force of time. The ambivalance of exile is a reflection of the paradox of man who goes through perpetually an identity, cultural and axiological reconstruction. The writing of exile is a reflection of his journey to find a point of equilibrium between fluidity and immutability, between deconstruction and reconstruction.