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Les ressources en eau sont inégalement réparties sur la planète. Le Proche-Orient, une région du globe parmi tant d'autres, souffre d'un déficit structurel en eau douce causée par sa situation géographique et envenimée par une augmentation démographique massive, la pollution et les changements climatiques. Même si l'eau est considérée comme une ressource renouvelable, les quantités disponibles sont loin d'être stables et permanentes. Elles ne peuvent donc pas suivre la pente ascendante de la démographie à moins de mettre en place et d'utiliser efficacement les techniques de récupération d'eau douce. Dans cette situation, nous faisons face à une rareté de la ressource, mais aussi à une pauvreté en eau due à une technologie d'approvisionnement défaillante, une démographie à la hausse, un climat difficile, des comportements sociaux …

AbstractThe fall of the Berlin Wall has triggered a peaceful revolution of an unprecedented kind in Europe. Germany has become unified, the Soviet Empire has collapsed, the geopolitical balance has been deeply modified, and the will of the Central and Eastern European peoples for a “return” to Europe has made its reunification possible. Now the great challenge for the new generation of European leaders is to perfect the union of the European peoples through the free-willed organisation of peace and cooperation throughout the whole continent. However, the rebuilding of the European continent must not be performed at the expense of the idea of an ambitious European Union.

The universality of the ideology of Human Rights is presently enjoying increased interest inspite of the limited results and disappointing concrete realizations achieved in this area. At the time of the adoption of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights, the universality of the doctrine of Human Rights was only an illusion and the problems raised by the application of subsequent international accords have made evident the political conflicts which are at play behind the human rights debate. Presently, one may accurately speak of a "geopolitic of human rights". Starting from the precept that the best way to resolve opposing points of view is to begin with reality, the author examines the relative situation of Human Rights in three groups which are each relatively homogeneous : the Atlantic zone regrouping the pluralist constitutional democracies; the totalitarian countries including the Soviet Union, the Eastern Bloc countries and the communist countries of Asia and, finally, the zone of non-aligned countries of the "third world".

AbstractAs many others, these two straits are places of transit which concern both the bordering states and the Great Powers, and which hold two prime functions, as ocean gateways, and as cross gateways. As ocean gateways, these two straits have symmetrical functions giving access to the seas bordering Europe, common functions on the ocean route between Asia and the main harbours of Northern Europe, and their particular functions. As cross gateways, the Pas-de-Calais (or Strait of Dover) has much higher flows than the Strait of Gibraltar, although on this last place, they are growing fast. With this plurality of functions, these straits appear as true cross-roads, and they are also places of geopolitical conflicts, because of very high migrating pressures, and attempts for a geopolitical control of these straits, by the presence of enclaves, especially on the Strait of Gibraltar.

In the course of its history, after a long time of systematic destruction, South Korea has developed a process of patrimonial and cultural re-appropriation adapted to the socio-cultural and economic context through different stages. Long-time development planning has enabled Korea to invent new concepts and to create new technologies designed to keep and protect their cultural heritage. As a result, the results of the combination of traditional culture and new technologies are of artistic benefit, with sometimes very surprising results for those unfamiliar with this socio-cultural environment. The trend towards globalization and internationalization is present, but a nationalistic conservatism remains a recurrent limitation. This study shows a global view of the policy process of re-appropriation since the independence from Korea to the present day. South Korea has established an institutional framework at different levels of management to protect and even improve their endangered cultural heritage. Korea continues to offer the most striking and efficient aspects of their cultural heritage program (among them the notion of “Immaterial Cultural Good”) to the international community. The history of the Korean writing system is a good example of the evolution of a typical “immaterial cultural treasure.”

In the Arab world, communities of believers (Ummah), the Arab nation, states, tribal communities, and minority groups are reference points that cut horizontally across the region and compete with the verticality of States. While the notion of national security was developed in the West based on a specific process largely rooted in the primacy of States over other references, in the Arab and Muslim world, the dynamics currently at play (transitions, civil war, crises in post-colonial States) reveal contradictions between the dynamics of State building and community or tribal dynamics. These contradictions can be seen not only in current inter-Arab relations, which harken back to an old model of dealings between Arab States, but also in relations between Arab States and the world powers of the day.

Keywords: sécurité nationale, État, islam, Oumma, monde arabe, Moyen-Orient, national security, State, Islam, Ummah, Arab World, Middle East, nacional seguridad, Estado, Islam, Umma, mundo árabe, Oriente Medio