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This essay presents some strategic considerations on how Canada can strengthen its foreign policy. To differentiate itself from great powers and deploy a strategic foreign policy, Canada must deepen and implement its feminist foreign policy. A feminist foreign policy is a forcing mechanism for the undertaking of a holistic strategic review. Such a policy is more inclusive and democratic in nature as it emphasizes civil society access and participation in the international system. If this policy is implemented in a rigorous manner, it presents an opportunity to consolidate the coherence between Canada's intervention on feminist issues at home and abroad. A feminist approach in foreign affairs must be rooted in the field and target the needs of communities ; thus it must be supported by a greater presence of Canadian diplomats abroad and a robust diplomatic footprint.

Keywords: Affaires étrangères, stratégie, Canada, politique étrangère féministe, empreinte diplomatique, Foreign affairs, Strategy, Canada, Feminist foreign policy, Diplomatic footprint

In this article, we hypothesize that, as much on the level of the support, of the materiality as of the ideology, there could have existed a circulation and even a general competition of the practices (of writing, of reading) between the informative leaflets of the École sociale populaire and the fascicles of espionage of the same time. Between L'Oeuvre des tracts and the novel in fascicles Les aventures étranges de l'agent IXE-13 of Pierre Saurel, diffused widely between 1947 and 1966, it seems to exist similarities brought by the support and by a “transmedia imaginary” of which the obvious portion is the use of stereotypes. Thus, one can think, from the work of Matthieu Letourneux (2017), that the undercover communist of IXE-13 is the “same” as that of L'Oeuvre des tractsand dailies: they all feed off, co-construct, and imitate each other. Given the wide distribution of the pamphlets and leaflets, it seems necessary to us to better understand the chiasmus games between fiction and reality and their respective effects on French-Canadian society.

Interpreting is meant to meet the needs for mutual understanding arising within a community at a national or international level. These needs derive from the various settings and situations that characterize society, as well as people's lives, and are closely linked to the life and organization of the polis (the State). Interpreting therefore belongs to the political and social spheres; as such it is a political act. In order to analyze the conditions underlying the recourse to interpreting, a superordinate and a subordinate level may be identified. The former refers to the political, historical, and spatio-temporal situation in which interlingual communication needs arise and its impact on interpreting services. The latter refers to the interpreter as an individual who “chooses” what to interpret and for whom, and whose activity enables those communication needs to be met. In order to highlight the intertwined features of the two levels, as well as the political value of the interpreting act, this paper focuses on two areas: the legal field (with exclusive reference to Italy) and interpreting in conflict zones. Given their contexts and the impact they have on society and people's lives, including the interpreter's, these two areas can be seen as emblematic insofar as they forcefully reveal the political nature of both the interpreter's role and the interpreting act.

Keywords: interprétation, domaine judiciaire, personnes allophones suspectées ou accusées, conflits armés, acte politique, interpreting, legal field, person suspected or accused of crime who do not speak the local language, armed conflict, political act

The smart city is a fashionable concept which is involved in many territorial marketing strategies. For a municipality,
claiming to be a smart city is a symbol of modernity that involves attractiveness, jobs in technological fields and more efficient urban management.
This urban shift would be made with respect for democracy and sustainable development. At least, this is the idea which is more or
less formally expressed in most of the writings on the subject. In this paper, we will take a critical look at the smart city concept by pointing
out that the practices associated with it could experience drifts.

In many countries, various religious associations are often involved in the provision of social care and services, alongside the State and secular non-governmental organizations. However, these religious groups do not necessarily share the same distributive logics, such as regarding beneficiary selection criteria. For example, among Muslims, there is disagreement about whether non-Muslims can benefit from the zakat, the obligatory religious alms that Muslims must give to the poorest. How are such donations practices framed in modern secular states, and what implications this has on their legitimation? This article addresses these questions by discussing the legislative measures that apply to charities in North India and the various ways in which Indian Muslim philanthropic organizations adapt their distributive practices. By examining how Muslim organizations navigate between the demands of the state and their own principles regarding the use and distribution of donations, this article investigates the power relations between the state and religious groups and demonstrates how the regulation of religion is shaping new forms of mutual aid.

Keywords: Larouche, don, philanthropie, législation, organisations religieuses, musulmans, État, Inde, Larouche, donation, philanthropy, legislation, religious organizations, Muslims, state, India, Larouche, don, filantropía, legislación, organizaciones religiosas, musulmanes, Estado, India

This article concerns some of the metaphors and paradigms underlying the analysis of the integration of Native groups to the biomedical system. From two particular cases, namely the relations between Inuit, their own system of medicine and the biomedical system on the one hand, and on the other the comments concerning the medical evacuations of the Natives towards urban centers, the author tries to illustrate certain contradictions due to a confusion in the levels of analysis.

China occupies a special place in Henri Lopes's writings ; it is a phantasmagoria, associated with lost illusions. This essay focuses on Le Lys et le Flamboyant (1997) and Il est déjà demain (2018), while also taking into account a novel yet to be published, Petit Mao, and militant texts published in L'Étudiant d'Afrique noire and Etumba. Through the analysis of the references to China to be found in those texts, the goal of this study is indeed to consider all the different aspects of Henri Lopes's life : that of the writer, of the Fédération des Étudiants d'Afrique Noire (FEANF) activist, and of the minister. Through their different modes of representation, the circulations between China and the Congo put into perspective a shared historical and ideological experience and a personal conception of literary creation.

Keywords: Henri Lopes, fantasmagorie, circulations, Chine, Congo, politique, histoire, création littéraire

Could the collapse of a shiny development dream be a Sino-Congolese literary or artistic motif ? Starting from the incident of the landslide on an emblematic cornice of the capital city, nicknamed after the President « Corniche de Sassou » – a fallacious showcase of Congolese development largely financed by Chinese companies – which occurred on February 8, 2020, this article studies the literary and artistic representations which want to show the flip side of the Sino-Congolese « friendships » and investigate their depths and intricacies. By representing the lives of Congolese miners in pits run by Chinese companies or Chinese-led deforestation companies in the Congo, some artists attempt to overcome the reign of Sino-Congolese « abundant junk » by offering increased representations of materiality. Bearing witness to the same ecological concern, the images seem to question the dreams of modernity with which writer Sinzo Aanza and photographers Sammy Baloji and Lu Guang confront them.

Keywords: extractivisme, déforestation, écopoétique, Sinzo Aanza, Sammy Baloji, Lu Guang

NAFTA was a deep integration agreement geared towards creating a single economic space in North America. CUSMA continues and expands this dynamic, in particular by addressing head-on the problem of regulation and interoperability of regulatory systems. NAFTA addresses it from the point of view of non-tariff barriers. CUSMA goes much further: first, it makes mutual recognition and regulatory convergence a line of conduct crossing all chapters; secondly, it presents a modus operandi in a specific chapter devoted to good practices; and third, it brings regulatory cooperation under trade disciplines, even giving access under certain conditions to the dispute settlement mechanism. The author takes up these three elements in the following article. In conclusion, he wonders about respect for collective choices in a context of trade regulatory convergence.