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Discourse analysts experienced in the study of texts related to their conditions of production are interested in the way in which the social order is constructed through communication in an attempt to maintain a balance between reflection on the functioning of discourse and the understanding of socio-historical or psychological phenomena, with the intention of responding to social problems of an educational, political, sanitary nature. Taking an example from the Covid-19 pandemic, the article reports an analysis of four televised debates on medical themes in the French and Romanian space, depending on the type of speech in which they fit. If the discourses concerned revolve around health issues and infectious medicine, we see that these are also problems of a political and social nature.

Keywords: pandémie de Covid-19, Covid-19 pandemic, pandemia de COVID-19, discurso integrado, discours intégré, integrated discourse, discurso controvertido, controversial discourse, discours controversé, mass media, médias, medios de comunicación, debate, debate, débat, ideología, ideology, idéologie

What term best describes the war between the French, the Amerindians and the British from 1751 to 1765 ? The Seven Years War (1756-1763) according to its duration in europe ? The French and indian War from the British perspective ? The War of Conquest from the Canadian point of view ? How long exactly ? Under the leadership of Pontiac, the First Nations' warriors fought from 1754 to 1765, which is still five years after the French defeat. They were defending their country against european invasion.During this conflict, the great majority of Amerindian Nations fought alongside with the French as they were less threatening than the British and able to support them. Yet tensions between allies were omnipresent. To defeat the French whose strength relied on their alliance with the Amerindians, the British aimed and succeeded at breaking it. Amerindian participation in the war was major : raids on the frontier, guerrilla warfare, ambushes, spying and scouting activities. The warriors always resisted their integration into regular troops and refused to fight a european style war. From 1200 to 1800 warriors fought in the defence of Québec in 1759. Military sources always make the distinction between regular troops on the one side and « Canadians and Savages » on the other. The Canadians fought the invaders with the utmost energy. A Canadian identity clearly emerged during this war, characterized, among other traits, by a physical and cultural proximity with Amerindians. This became a source of tension because of the British tradition of apartheid with the First Nations. Finally, if the Canadians were defeated, the Amerindians were not, although they were much weakened in the balance of power that emerged.

The lack of autonomy of Western European states, that is, the limitations which they confront in terms of translating their policy preferences into authoritative actions, cannot be considered solely in terms of idiosyncratic domestic political institutions and cultures, or as the result of greater sensibility and vulnerability to interdependence through the flow of goods, capital and technology. The argument develops around the generalisation that during the period of "détente" from 1965 to 1979, the United States, as the world central bank, inflated the world political economy ; thereafter, the questioning of détente accompanied a United States-led policy of world deflation. European politics, in a variety of intricate ways, followed the rythm set by the United States, with a period of state policy activism in the late 1960s to mid-1970s followed by more sceptical attitudes by public officials, supported by conservative or liberal parties, on the limitations of state action. But while it could be argued that the autonomy of OECD European states was strictly limited in economic policy by the integration of national into European and world markets, it is also demonstratable that the most sensitive of these markets - the world financial markets - are most susceptible to state policy, particularly that of the United States. In turn, the influence exerted on government preferences by world financial markets has grown to such an extent that by 1983, Western European governments are all aligning priorities on what are taken to be market criteria. If fact, they are aligning their priorities on the preferences of the great powers in a period of heightened international tension. Thus, the lack of autonomy of Western European states is of political origin: their subordination through lack of continued regional autonomy in defense and finance. Implicitly, this article suggests a move in Western Europe to a confederal armed force and a European Reserve Bank, as the precondition for a revitalised Atlantic alliance.

The collapse of the Soviet System after the coup of 1991 challenged the traditional Sovietology. In fact, the discipline failed to predict the onset, speed and extent of the collapse of its object of study. It became necessary to determine, before starting post soviet studies, why and how Sovietology went wrong in assessing the nature of the Soviet System and its demise. This article surveys the different models used from 1950 to 1990 to analyse the nature of the soviet System. It tries to show that each one was a product of a particular political context of the Cold War. In fact, it is a scientific study on the image of the enemy.

AbstractThe purpose of this article is to question the ethical postulate of the translator's invisibility. To be rejected under its classical formulation, such a postulate could however be maintained under a brand new version. In this latter version, (in)visibility could open onto an ethics of translation, giving its proper place to the translator's silences. Indeed, in the age of political and social activism, it is high time to raise the question of the ethical conditions of the translator's disengagement.

Keywords: éthique, Autre, invisibilité, politique, proactivité, ethics, Other, invisibility, politics, proactivity