Documents found
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3441.More information
Cryptomarkets are e-commerce platforms that specialize in the sale of illicit drugs. The success of these markets has brought them to the attention of law enforcement agencies around the world, but coordinated efforts to shut them down and arrest their participants have so far been ineffective. This study analyses the impact of a recent police intervention that led to the closure of one of the main facilitators of cryptomarket activities, the DeepDotWeb platform. Analysis of 2,841 messages posted on discussion forums dedicated to cryptomarkets made it possible to understand how participants saw the prevention mechanisms used against DeepDotWeb and how they adapted to its closure. The results suggest that interventions that increase the effort and risk associated with browsing the darknet while also decreasing the expected benefits of crime may be more effective in disrupting illicit activities over the long term than the closure of any single market.
Keywords: Interventions policières, cryptomarchés, prévention situationnelle, facilitateurs du crime, Police interventions, cryptomarkets, situational prevention, crime facilitators, Intervenciones policiales, criptomercado, prevención situacional, facilitadores de delitos
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3442.More information
Heritage is in desperate straits. It is suffering from a serious «affliction» that is difficult to define. How can we explain this phenomenon by placing it more squarely on the path of Quebec's socio-political trajectory? In order to answer this most worrisome question, this article sets forth a strong (hypo)thesis that, even so, cannot be demonstrated in the primary sense of the term: for this reason we call it an attempt at theorizing. Its objective is to propose an approach toward a response that seems promising to us, and that we hope then to see debated within the academic community and practicians more broadly. To put in a nutshell, we argue that the «heritage disorder» in Quebec can be explained mainly by the prevalence of Americanity – as a dominant idea – to imagine the present being, the past and the future of Quebec society. In so doing, the Quebec nation has come to imagine itself through the single lens of a radical modernity, rejecting on principle any distinctive collective intentionality. It is because it more or less (un)consciously associates heritage with traditions, and then traditionalism with Old Regime societies, that Americanity is at the heart of the heritage chaos and of the act of heritagization.
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3443.More information
This article looks at the parallel fates of two Unangax̂ (Aleut) collections from the second half of the nineteenth century made by French Alphonse Pinart and American William Dall. Their explorations of Unga Island burial caves, partly driven by their rivalry, resulted in collections of unique and enigmatic objects divided between the Château-Musée de Boulogne-sur-Mer (France) and the Smithsonian Institution National Museum of Natural History (United States). In this article, the authors retrace the particular course of these objects, which, despite their exceptional character, remain understudied.
Keywords: Alaska, Aléoutes, cavernes funéraires, collections archéologiques, Pinart, Dall, musées, Alaska, Aleuts, burial caves, archaeological collections, Pinart, Dall, museums
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3444.More information
Objectives In recent years, issues related to physical health took on a major role in the care of youth who experienced a first episode psychosis (FEP). Compared to the general population, people with a psychotic disorder have a reduced life expectancy of 15 years, with physical health problems accounting for 60 to 70% of that part. With the increased awareness about these issues, physical activity is considered as a new prevention and intervention strategy in the recovery process for youth with a FEP. The objective of the present article is to summarize the different physical health issues in FEP and the impacts of physical activity.Methods Narrative review addressing physical health issues, the role of antipsychotics, the need for metabolic monitoring, and for improvement of lifestyle habits (e.g., smoking, sedentary lifestyle, physical inactivity, poor diet) in youth with a FEP. The impact of physical activity on physical and mental health, on smoking cessation as well as the interest of adventure therapy in the recovery process will be discussed. Finally, we will propose motivational strategies and tools to promote physical activity. In the different sections, we will support our arguments with the highest levels of evidence available (e.g., meta-analyses, systematic reviews, randomized controlled trials, cohort studies, N-of-1) and highlight implications for clinical practice.Results Metabolic health problems progress rapidly after the initiation of antipsychotic treatment, and inadequate lifestyle habits contribute to the development of these problems. In an early intervention context, several types of physical activity have shown benefits on physical health, psychotic symptoms, functioning and more generally in the recovery process. Nevertheless, few patients spontaneously engaged in regular physical activity because of low motivation. Physical activity interventions should be adapted to the FEP population and several factors taken into consideration such as the type of physical activity, its context, intensity, frequency, motivational parameters, and support/supervision from health professionals.Conclusion From a physical and a psychiatric perspective, the years following treatment initiation for FEP are critical. Considering its positive impacts on different dimensions of recovery physical activity interventions should be integrated into the range of services offered in early intervention services.
Keywords: activité physique, habitudes de vie, obésité, psychiatrie et mode de vie, physical activity, health behaviour, obesity, lifestyle psychiatry
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3445.More information
Non-Timber Forest Products are appropriate to meet the needs of local and indigenous communities surrounding the National Park of Lobéké. In order to better assess their availability, a botanical inventory has been carried out. The methodology use to develop the inventory consist into the establishment of transect in the village of Mambélé. The village is located in the area of the Tri National of Sangha, more precisely in the South-East of Cameroon. In total, 9 transects of 2 km long and 20 m large allow the team to cover an area of 36 ha. Therefore, these transects helped identifying 29 individuals of Irvingia gabonensis, 204 individuals of Ricinodendron heudelotii, 54 individuals of Entandrophragma cylindricum, and 154 individuals of Terminalia superba. In addition, some interesting results are coming out from the calculation of species densities and variances analysis with ANOVA methodology : the availability of each species was linked mainly to two parameters, which include the type of land use area (old secondary forest, secondary forest, swamp forest, young fallow and old fallow) and the distance for harvesting. Therefore, most of identify species are found in secondary forests and old secondary forests. From the analysis, we notice that the diameter class] 20-40 [ is the class where we found most individuals from each species. To conclude, domestication of these Non-Timber Forest Product could be recommended as an alternative option to strengthening the economy and thus contributing to the conservation of biodiversity.
Keywords: disponibilité, Produits forestiers non ligneux (PFNL), Parc national de Lobéké, inventaires, économie locale, agroforesterie, conservation, availability, Non timber Forest Products (NTFPs), Lobéké National park, inventory, local economy, agroforestry, conservation
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3446.More information
This work is an attempt to capture the changing role of green spaces and structure of cities they lead through the soil, taken here in both its horizontal, land component, and in its verticality, living entity. The soil is the support for parks, a major land tenure issue, but also a social and environmental investment. The study focuses on an average size town, Tours, characterized as a green city and more precisely on Saint-Cyr-sur-Loire, a leafy and wealthy suburb, filled with green spaces, most of them privately owned. Based on interviews with associations, residents and city officials, this research shows that individual gardens are the mediators between soil, users and municipality. The spatial practices of residents in the gardens are at the heart of their relationship to the soil as a living entity. Representations of nature that motivate them are mostly that of a recreational area where the soil is seen as a constraint leading to a variety of adapted strategies.
Keywords: sol, banlieue, nature, paysage, jardins, parcs, trame verte, biodiversité, représentations, pratiques, soil, suburb, nature, landscape, parks, gardens, green structure, biodiversity, perception, practices
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3447.More information
Agriculture in urban areas is a solution to problems such as food security, unemployment, environment issues, green spaces creation and so on. In spite of its major importance in developing countries, agriculture in urban areas is victim to a lack of recognition and to an important economical weight leading this business line to precariousness and informal. Shrugged off by the Burkinabe authorities for a long time, they currently show a will to recognize it by inserting this activity in the new face of the urban landscape “Grand Ouaga” established by the city planning 2025 of this urban zone.This study is about to modeling the phenomenon in order to prospect by geomatic means the capacity of the urban soil to receive agriculture and to plan it on a permanent basis for its consideration in Ouagadougou's municipality land development plan (SCOT). One of the main aspects of the Geographic Information System is their capacity to contribute to the decision making. Among the GIS function for a spatial and temporal modeling and decision helping, the multicriterion evaluation is particularly useful regarding the localization of high potential areas for a use. This method is based on the hypothesis that it exist, for a given date, a series of criterion spatialized able to explain the variability of land use, in other words the aptitude for a use. Some criterion, identified for the use of the agricultural activity and a spatialized database was established as information reference to multicriterion construction of map indicating the high potential areas for cultivation.The aptitude or probability map obtained indicates that the existing agricultural land meet along the restricted space of plans of permanent water surface or downtown characterized by a strong land speculation. There, we can notice that potential areas should be used for cultivation because the adjustment of the risks among factors (criteria) confers them a good truck-farming or horticultural capacity. Besides, it appears that spaces, particularly those located on the green belt to be rehabilitated, although they are unfavourable to the agricultural activity, could shelter in a prosperous way pluvial cultivation. The results of the interpretation allowed us to be set on the limits of our contributions and results, the implemented methodology and its application on others sites with similar context and problems.
Keywords: Système d'information géographique, Modélisation, agriculture urbaine, évaluation multicritère, Ouagadougou, Geographic Information System, Modeling, urban agriculture, multicriterion evaluation
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3448.More information
Population growth and urban development in the South renew research topics on agriculture. Advantageous in some respects, urban agriculture entails many risks, especially those related to the quality of irrigation water and to urban farmers'practices. The article illustrates the case of Antananarivo, the capital of Madagascar, where watercress, which is highly appreciated by the consumers, had a growing development in the lowland of the city. This activity creates high income and can be practiced all around the year. However, health risks associated with its conditions of production are numerous : use of waste water and urban effluents, questionable practices of some farmers and traders. A multidisciplinary research program has studied this situation. A survey on consumption showed that methods used by households from Antananarivo for watercress preparation are suitable. Furthermore, microbiological analyses of the product at the production level and in households are reassuring. However, some issues remain unresolved. A qualitative survey reveals a duality in the image of the product : consumers are indeed shared between, firstly, their good appreciation of organoleptic and nutritional qualities of watercress and, secondly, their fear of disease related to the conditions of production they witness. The problem of safety is real because of the subjectivity of consumers that could, at worst, turn away from this product, at best, ask questions about the quality of their diet.
Keywords: Antananarivo, Madagascar, agriculture urbaine, cresson, irrigation, sécurité sanitaire des aliments, Antananarivo, Madagascar, urban agriculture, watercress, irrigation, food safety
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3449.More information
AbstractThis paper examines the history and development of Machine Translation (MT) applications for the Arabic language in the context of the history and machine translation in general. It starts with a discussion of the beginnings of MT in the US and then, depending on the work of MT historians, surveys the decline of the work on MT and drying up of funding; then the revival with globalization, development of information technology and the rising needs for breaking the language barriers in the world; and last on the dramatic developments that came with the advances in computer technology. The paper also examined some of the major approaches for MT within a historical perspective. The case of Arabic is treated along the same lines focusing on the work that was done on Arabic by Western research institutes and Western profit motivated companies. Special attention is given to the work of the one Arab company, Sakr of Al-Alamiyya Group, which was established in 1982 and has seriously since then worked on developing software applications for Arabic under the umbrella of natural language processing for the Arabic language. Major available software applications for Arabic/English Arabic MT as well as MT related software were surveyed within a historical framework.
Keywords: Arabic, historical perspective, Machine Translation (MT), Sakr
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3450.More information
The impact of COVID-19 on tourism has been enormous across the globe. The successful recovery of the tourism industry at the local, national, and global levels is strictly dependent on the efficient contention and mitigation of the COVID-19 pandemic at the global level and on the capacity of tour operators, governments, and other actors to generate complete trust among tourists. In this article, we examine the biosecuritization of Lisbon (Portugal) and the efforts carried out by the administration to preserve the city as a COVID-free urban destination. In this sense, we will examine two main strategies that have received little attention from the scholarly community, namely (i) the strengthening of repressive, punitive, and criminalizing policies against suburban working-class youths ('the perilous') within the scope of guaranteeing a COVID-free city for tourists ('the untouchables'), and (ii) the (in)governance of the urban night of Lisbon during the current pandemic. In the last section, we will argue how mobility restrictions, lockdowns, and nighttime curfews have shown us how central culture, arts, entertainment, and leisure are for not only the cultural and social life of many young and adult people in Europe but also for their socio-emotional wellbeing.
Keywords: COVID-19, biosecuritization, pandemic politics, tourist city, Lisbon