Documents found
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41.More information
This study sought to collect URLs (web addresses) of all K-12 schools in the United States (N = 98,477) and analyze website home page system and service data for all available U.S. institutional websites (n = 65,899). Building upon previous research related to Web 2.0 educational potentials, this first-of-its-kind study sought (a) to provide descriptive results of system and service adoption and website data for all schools in the United States and (b) to detect theorized differences based upon school demographics and service/system type (e.g., open source vs. proprietary). Results indicated that proprietary and purchased systems were much more common than free and open systems, that adoption patterns were generally not meaningfully influenced by demographic data (except for charter school status), and that K-12 institutional adoption of Web 2.0 seems to be more focused on educational uses of these tools that might not strictly be considered pedagogical (e.g., community outreach).
Keywords: open source software, social media, Web 2.0, K-12 education, community outreach, communication
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42.More information
Cette recherche analyse le fonctionnement de l'algorithme de Google Actualités afin de déterminer la place qu'il accorde aux médias locaux et régionaux dans ses résultats, le tout dans un contexte de crise médiatique. L'audit algorithmique, basé sur un corpus de plus de 450 000 résultats, observe les médias retournés par Google Actualités au Québec lors de requêtes comprenant un des 26 mot-clé catégorisé comme local, mixte ou national ainsi qu'une des 104 localisations. À la lumière des résultats, il semble clair que les médias locaux et régionaux ne sont pas désavantagés par la plateforme. Au contraire, ils sont souvent les plus retournés, quelle que soit la catégorie de mots-clés. En revanche, l'algorithme semble avoir un problème lorsqu'il s'agit d'afficher du contenu récent, car le jour …
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43.More information
On October 6, 2020, Quebec, along with some 40 other states, gave the green light to a contact tracing application based on technology developed by Apple and Google to combat COVID-19. Contact tracing applications, however, raise a number of issues related to democratic rights and social justice, most notably privacy and equality in the face of a technology to which not everyone has access. How did this object become an object of convergence in the use of digital surveillance ? The argument developed in this article suggests that mass adoption masks power dynamics between developers, civil society, public health authorities and governments in regard to the design of technologies used for pandemic management. Apple, Google and their supporters have succeeded in normalizing a technology that materializes a distrust of the state. This analysis illuminates the power dynamics behind the promotion of technical tools in the fight against COVID-19, as well as the blind spots generated by the primacy of privacy.
Keywords: Applications de traçage, Apple et Google, surveillance, COVID-19, vie privée, Contact tracing applications, Apple & Google, surveillance, COVID-19, privacy, Aplicaciones de rastreo de contactos, Apple y Google, vigilancia, COVID-19, vida privada
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45.More information
Keywords: plateforme éducative, réseau social, communication, soutien de l'apprentissage, éducation préscolaire
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46.More information
The deployment of automated semantic models, such as Google's BERT or OpenAI's GPT-3, poses a serious challenge to hermeneutics and its centrality to the social sciences. Artificial intelligence is indeed conquering language. The technological advances associated with deep learning and the modi operandi of interpreting machines force us to seriously consider the possibilities and power of such models. More understanding is needed about the type of automated “comprehension” advanced by these models and how their calculations of probability, variation and threshold, for example, can vector language and render it as a form of “parroting.” In this paper and to this end, we examine Google's dismissal of the researcher Timnit Gebru following the publication of “On the Danger of Stochastic Parrots,” to demonstrate how the value of automated language processing stems as much from the world it puts forward as from its reference to a specific context. Finally, this should allow us to circumscribe the economic, political and ethical aporias around these models, including the fact that the platforms developing them fail to consider the way in which they proceed by extracting and instrumentalizing meaning. In essence, it is the intimate relationship between meaning and the displacement of centres of power that is fundamental to Critical AI Studies and their evolution.
Keywords: traitement automatique du langage naturel, GPT-3, BERT, Timnit Gebru, économie politique la signification, Critical AI Studies, automatic natural language processing, GPT-3, BERT, Timnit Gebru, political economy of meaning, procesamiento automático del lenguaje natural, GPT-3, BERT, Timnit Gebru, economía política del significado
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48.More information
After a fifty year career entirely devoted to statistical linguistics, the author attempts to establish a report on this discipline, at least for the French area. He first seeks to evoke the raw intitiatives that involve among other names Guiraud, Quemada Gougenheim, Tournier and Muller. Then he follows the evolution of methods which tend to move away from the inferential model advocated by Muller to adopt a descriptive approach where the analysis is based on multidimensional calculations. Passing from the calculator on the computer software tool developed its power on big size corpus, some of which are subject to particular scrutiny: the BNF, Frantext, SketchEngine and finally Google Books. The size of this last project - which is almost 100 billion words for the French production of the last two centuries - may make you dizzy judgment without erasing doubt, the composition of the corpus, uneven and uncertain, distorting the timeline. It is concluded that the blinding evidence of a graphic result should not impose on the reason. The effect can be massive, and the cause obscure. The lexicometry spread much surface; he must also gain depth.
Keywords: lexicométrie, méthodes statistiques, corpus textuels, BNF, Frantext, SketchEngine, Google Books, lexicometry, statistical methods, text corpora, BNF, Frantext, SketchEngine, Google Books
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50.More information
In response to the COVID-19 pandemic, many countries, including the U.S., adopted intervention policies aimed at averting the spread. However, these policies may have led to significant changes in public health behaviors. We use Google search queries to examine how state government actions are associated with people's internet searches (internet browsing habits) related to health behaviors. We employ the di erences-in-di erences method to determine the link between disease outbreak, associated intervention policies, and changes in health behavior related searches. Our findings show that school closures, restaurant restrictions, and stay-at-home orders lead to a significant rise in searches for workout, physical activity, exercise, takeout, liquor, and wine. Moreover, people's concerns regarding weight loss, diet, nutrition, restaurant, and fast food substantially decline following stay-at-home orders. Our event-study results indicate that changes in health behaviors began weeks before stay-at-home orders were implemented contemporaneously with emergency declarations and other partial closures. These findings suggest that people's health behaviors are notably a ected by state government's intervention policies.
Keywords: Health shock, Health behaviors, COVID-19 policies, Physical activity, Dietary habits