Documents found
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161.More information
Roughly 5,550 years ago the first urban cities sprung up in the Sumer Region. From this period, during the First Urban Revolution, it would take some 5,325 years for the world urbanization rate to reach 5%. In 1825, motorized transportation arrived on the scene. Between that date and today, during the Second Urban Revolution, the world urbanization rate rose from 5% to nearly 50%. This growing population polarization is coupled with an even more pronounced polarization of economic power. Current urbanization bears many pitfalls, which vary according to development levels, yet also raises much hope of the emergence of a new urbanity.
Keywords: phénomène urbain, mort, vie, morbidité, étalement urbain, urban phenomenon, death, life, morbidity, urban sprawl
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162.More information
In a context were singular entities are limited, the Awajún expressed in the past two opposite attitudes towards the deads, according to their belonging or not to the same dialectical society. Both attitudes have yet in common to define the corpse as a means to acquire a soul, supposed to incorporate a new individuated existence (in the case of head hunting) ; or described in terms of vision-power, in the sense of “ being able to ” (in the case of the quest of Ajútap). Today, this relationship to the corpse has disappeared and has been replaced by a reinforcement of the usage of psychotropic plants as a means to meet the Ajútap spirit. According to the myth, these plants are born from the slow germination of the corpse inside the earth.
Keywords: cadavre, guerre, transe, plante psychotrope, Awajún, corpse, war, trance, psychotropic plant, Awajún
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164.More information
In this article, after an attempt at defining “rites” as they were evoked in the first normative treatises, will be described the subsequent evolution leading to the constitution of a “ritual system” conceived as a totality. However, the ritualists' search for “the perfect order” gave rise to infinite debates and has not succeed to build a structure as solid as they had awaited. For the anthropologist Philippe Descola, this combination of a fascination for a quasi-totalitarian system and an inability to agree on its real physiognomy is characteristic of the analogistic ontology, that was prevalent at the time those texts were written (the end of the Warring States period). This is the first, logical, frailty, of a system characterized by Yuri Pines as “the Universal Panacea”. The second frailty is rather psychological. It originates in the doubt and anxiety provoked by the injunction to recreate within oneself an ideal order that is always already lost. This last section builds on recent publications by Mark Csikzentmihalyi and Michael David Kaulana Ing, showing, from a detailed analysis of two normative treatises : the Wuxing 五行 (The Five Types of Virtual Actions) and the Liji 禮記 (Book of Rites), how the issues of ritual failure and human fallibility were examined, leading to a possible way out of the fantasy of the perfect order.
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165.More information
In june 2018, the author followed and filmed woman and puma as they went into the forest of a rehabilitation center in Bolivia. Drawing from the edited footage and the interview that goes with it, he rewrites the film's script to bring forward his analysis of this unusual routine. Beyond what may appears, he finds material to describe an intersubjective choreography that, without breaking barriers between species, plays on the naturalist frontier between humanity and animality. He argues that the strange ballet presented constitutes a paradoxical ontological experience, a learning practice of mankind's non-uniqueness : yet another characteristic of the Anthropocene.
Keywords: pumas, réhabilitation, Bolivie, anthropologie visuelle, Anthropocène, pumas, rehabilitation, Bolivia, visual anthropology, Anthropocene, pumas, rehabilitación, Bolivia, antropología visual, antropoceno
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166.More information
In a desire to decolonize research, the UNESCO Chair in cultural transmission among First Peoples, as a dynamic of well-being and empowerment, has designed a collaborative governance model for university research by and for Aboriginal people, which is based in the recognition of their knowledge systems, their skills, their credibility with regard to their knowledge, as well as their ability to manage research. We invite the reader to follow the steps adopted by an interdisciplinary team of Indigenous community and university researchers, a global collaborative approach affecting all stages of the development of the Chair in order to promote innovation and empowerment, essential to decolonization. The preferred tool for achieving these objectives was active and engaged consultation, which made it possible to co-construct a system of governance based first and foremost on the quality of the relationship by overcoming several obstacles, in particular, mistrust toward university research.
Keywords: décolonisation, recherche autochtone, gouvernance collaborative, concertation
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168.More information
When she married Jean-Baptiste-François Durey de Meinières in 1765, Octavie Belot ended, in appearance at least, a brief literary career marked by the translation of English works and the publication of a few essays. Now, after her second marriage, the new president Durey de Meinières would carry on an important correspondence, lasting from 1776 to 1793, with several men of letters including Voltaire, Hume, Helvetius and François Devaux as well as the bluestocking Elizabeth Montagu. When Montagu asked her to translate her Essay on Shakespear into French, Octavie Durey de Meinières saw an opportunity to renew her ideas about translation but was reluctant to commit to a project that would mean publicly opposing Voltaire, who had strongly criticized the English playwright. The letters president Durey de Meinières addressed to Elizabeth Montagu thus offer an unusual opportunity to observe the issues behind translation and beyond the purely literary. Since Meinières no longer depended on translation for her livelihood, the maintenance of a network of influential contacts was worth more to her than a highly doubtful glory from translating Montagu's essay. And again, it was by emphasizing her condition as a woman that she managed to get out of a socially dangerous situation, making a rhetorical weapon of what could be considered a handicap to maintain the alliances formed through letters.
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169.More information
AbstractThis article focuses on the models and statuses of neo-traditional uses of psychotropic agents. It begins by examining the contexts and functions of so-called traditional uses, emphasizing the factors which contribute to their normalization and transformation. Among these factors, the marginal and identificatory dimensions of uses are examined in their dynamic relations with the membership group and surrounding society. The example of shamanism and neo-shamanism is then studied to illustrate the shift in traditions and the difficulty in distinguishing the old from the new, the indigenous from the exogenous, when it involves legitimizing these uses on the social and cultural level as well as among their proponents. The examination reveals a wide range of ways of conceiving neo-traditional practices depending on their integration, tolerance and normative status in society. The article closes by emphasizing the importance of the roles played by intellectuals and “author-guides” in constructing models, the normalization process and the promotion of neo-traditional uses of psychotropic agents.
Keywords: usages traditionnels, néo-tradition, psychotropes, chamanisme, néo-chamanisme, intellectuels, construction des normes, traditional uses, neo-tradition, psychotropic agents, shamanism, neo-shamanism, intellectuals, constructing standards, usos tradicionales, neotradición, psicofármacos, chamanismo, neochamanismo, intelectuales, desarrollo de normas