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2613.More information
Between 1995 and 2004 quarrying by the aggregate extraction company Cemex over an area of seventy hectares in the double meander of Armentières upstream of Meaux provided an exceptional opportunity to investigate a site located in the floodplain of the lower Marne valley. This very large preventive excavation area revealed multiple traces of occupation of a site occupied intermittently from the 5th millennium BC to the 4th century AD. Ten burials figure among the remains uncovered ; they were excavated and dated to the Middle Neolithic II period. Such featuresremain a rare find in the northern half of France and are presented here in detail. A synthesis, which sets the site of Changis in its Middle Neolithic regional context concludes the article.
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2614.
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2618.More information
The past few years have seen an increasing number of initiatives by which the management of public services has been contracted out to the private sector. Most of the agreements concerning private management of public services have common characteristics that distinguish them from other contracts of the State such as contracts for the procurement of goods or services. After identifying those common characteristics, the author studies some examples and then presents the legal framework that governs them and the problems caused by the inadequacies of this framework.
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2619.
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2620.More information
This article presents a critical overview of the MOOC (massive open online course) in university education. We review the history of this innovative education delivery mode, highlight the main university actors who developed the MOOC, address the issue of the “openness” or cost-freeness of the MOOC, and describe how the MOOC works. We also discuss the issue of supergroups: how can 100,000 students be taught at once? We then look at assessment methods and so-called connectivist MOOCs. We conclude by reviewing the results of about 100 studies on the MOOC.