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Background: Social accountability in medical education is conceptualized as a responsibility to respond to the needs of local populations and demonstrate the impact of these activities. The objective of this study was to rigorously examine and compare social accountability theories, models, and frameworks to identify a theory-informed structure to understand and evaluate the impacts of medical education in Northern Ontario. Methods: Using a narrative review methodology, prominent social accountability theories, models, and frameworks were identified. The research team extracted important constructs and relationships from the selected frameworks. The Theory Comparison and Selection Tool was used to compare the frameworks for fit and relevance. Results: Eleven theories, models, and frameworks were identified for in-depth analysis and comparison. Two realist frameworks that considered community relationships in medical education and social accountability in health services received the highest scores. Frameworks focused on learning health systems, evaluating institutional social accountability, and implementing evidence-based practices also scored highly. Conclusion: We used a systematic theory selection process to describe and compare social accountability constructs and frameworks to inform the development of a social accountability impact framework for the Northern Ontario School of Medicine. The research team examined important constructs, relationships, and outcomes, to select a framework that fits the aims of a specific project. Additional engagement will help determine how to combine, adapt and implement framework components to use in a Northern Ontario framework.

In 2015, France recognized hematological malignancies, including non-Hodgkin's lymphoma (NHL), as an occupational disease resulting from pesticide exposure. The IARC of the WHO then declared glyphosate and glyphosate-based herbicides to be genotoxic and probably carcinogenic. In the United States, 125,000 American victims of NHL attributed to Bayer-Monsanto's Roundup have filed lawsuits against the company, while 2.5 million pages of declassified internal documents, the Monsanto Papers, illustrated the incredible manipulations to conceal Roundup’s dangers and to subvert the evaluation and regulatory systems. After three costly convictions, Bayer-Monsanto signed a partial out-of-court settlement of $11 billion and withdrew Roundup from the U.S. domestic market. The structural increase in pesticides, from 2.3 to 4.1 million tons from 1990 to 2018, contributing to the 385 million cases per year of serious and unintentional poisoning, and their threatening impacts on the climate, biodiversity and planetary limits, require going beyond the compensation of certain diseases to highlight the responsibilities of producing firms, regulatory bodies and public authorities : This is the core of this article focused on glyphosate-based herbicides (HBC), the first pesticides in the world, in Canada and Quebec and their links with certain cancers, including non-Hodgkin's lymphoma (NHL).

Keywords: Herbicides à base de glyphosate, Glyphosate-based herbicides, santé, health, travail, labor, politiques publiques, and public policy

Based on an ergonomic and psychosociological analysis of work, this article aims to clarify the plural concept of normativity in the field of occupational health. After having drawn up a critique of the managerialist normativity that dominates prevention approaches, we will define the links that unite normativity, health and work based on a theorization of work activity. Then, we will propose a definition of "health work" arising from a health construction process grappling with living conditions, work requirements, contextual elements, leeway. This construction presupposes complex trade-offs between productive and constructive objectives and often requires regulations being played out both inside and outside the work environment. We will illustrate this theory through research on teaching activity in the context of the COVID-19 pandemic.

Keywords: Normativité, Normativity, santé, Health, activité, Activity, COVID-19, COVID-19

Background: Physician characteristics such as education and sociodemographic attributes are associated with particular practice patterns, such as practice in rural settings. Understanding the Canadian context of such associations can inform medical school recruitment and health workforce decision-making. Objective: The objective of this scoping review was to report the nature and extent of the literature on associations between characteristics of physicians in Canada and physicians’ practice patterns. Eligibility criteria: We included studies reporting associations between 1) the education or sociodemographic attributes of practicing physicians or residents in Canada and 2) practice patterns, including career choice, practice setting, and populations served. Methods: We searched five electronic databases (MEDLINE (R) ALL, Embase, ERIC, Education Source and Scopus) for quantitative primary studies and reviewed reference lists of included studies for additional studies. Data were extracted using a standardized data charting form. Results: Our search yielded 80 studies. Sixty-two examined education, evenly divided between undergraduate and postgraduate. Fifty-eight examined physicians’ attributes, most focusing on sex/gender. The majority of studies focused on the outcome of practice setting. We found no studies examining race/ethnicity or socioeconomic status. Conclusion: Many studies in our review found positive associations between (i) rural training or rural background and rural practice setting and (ii) location of training or physicians’ origin and practice in that location, consistent with previous literature. Associations for sex/gender were mixed, suggesting it may be a less useful target for workforce planning or recruitment aiming to address gaps in health care provision. More research is needed on the association of characteristics, particularly race/ethnicity and socioeconomic status, with career choice and populations served.

Background: Open inquiry-based learning (IBL) that aims to foster higher-level thinking, is defined by students formulating their own questions and learning through exploration. The present study aimed to summarize the breadth of metrics used to evaluate health professions trainees in open IBL curricula. Methods: We conducted a scoping review to identify publications detailing trainee outcomes in open IBL initiatives in health professions education. We queried five databases and included studies which described interventions with five phases of IBL (orientation, conceptualization, investigation, conclusion, and discussion). We completed abstract and full text reviews in duplicate. Data were collated and summarized. Results: From 3030 record, 21 studies were included in the final extraction (k = 0.94), with nine involving physician trainees and twelve involving nursing trainees. Three studies used validated data collection tools to measure student inquiry behavior, and a single study used a validated data collection tool to measure critical thinking abilities. Most studies (n = 11) reported trainee self-reported satisfaction or perceived gain of skills as the primary outcome. All four studies using validated tools reported high scores in inquiry behaviors at the end of the curriculum and results on critical thinking skills were mixed. One study collected serial data, while remaining studies collected pre-post or post-only data. Conclusion: IBL has the potential to cultivate a climate of curiosity among health professions learners. However, studies have relied heavily on subjective outcomes. Limited studies reported standardized measures of inquiry behaviors suggest favorable results. Curriculum innovations using IBL could make use of existing tools to better understand their impact on students’ inquiry-oriented skills.

AbstractThe author first outlines the problems of Woman's Liberation and gives us the doctrine of Marx and Engels on this subject. In the second part, the author studies the evolution of the situation of women in the U.S.S.R. from the Revolution to the present day. He analyses certain contradictions in Soviet society, and then focuses his analysis on the problems of employment, income and educational opportunities. He also deals with the problem of sexual freedom and the limitations imposed upon it. Finally, he examines the role of the woman in political and social domains, and attempts to show that this may be the consequence of the present day situation of women in the Soviet Union. The article is based on Soviet publications and documents.

This article focuses on an often-neglected dimensions of Vietnam's economic development : the deep crisis that threatens its biodiversity. Despite the priority given to economic growth, the biodiversity crisis is a growing concern both among the government and other key stakeholders. We examine the role played by the illegal wildlife trade, which greatly intensified since the the đổi mới reforms in the 1980s. Despite significant legal and administrative measures, the state appears unable to control the trade that has now taken on an international dimension. It is time to take a more thorough look at the regulatory practices. We address a factor overlooked by public policies themselves – the role of the state apparatus itself. In contrast to wider liberalization trends, the wildlife trade is on the paper governed by a centralized approach based on a command-and-control system. This is challenged by practices on the ground where informal trade is the norm governed through decentralized practices. Wildlife trade reveals a multitude of tensions : within the state apparatus ; between the center and the provinces ; between the country and its neighbors ; between the desire to control territory and the practices that escape such control ; and between the rationality of centralization and local realities. The wildlife trade illustrates challenges for governance, for the state monopoly over power, as well as for its capabilities of central coordination.

Keywords: Vietnam, Chine, CITES, commerce des espèces protégées, politiques de régulation, Vietnam, China, CITES, wildlife trade, regulation policies

The Bishnoi are members of a religious community founded in the 15th century in the Thar Desert of Rajasthan. Originally based on 29 precepts, many of which codify relationships with other living beings, animals and plants, their religious doctrine, Bishnoism, prescribes an ethic of life in which compassion for all living beings (jīv) and avoidance of harm to them are paramount principles. Mostly farmers, the Bishnoi are nowadays facing profound transformations brought about by modernity and the intensification of their agriculture (extension of irrigation systems, use of machinery, fertilizers and pesticides).Based on an ethnographic study, this article examines the ethical and religious dilemmas generated by the use of pesticides that destroy living organisms. It documents undergoing arrangements to reconcile emerging practices in contradiction with founding principles.

Keywords: Bishnoï, devoirs religieux, relation humains-animaux, pesticides, dons, dharma, Inde, Rajasthan, Bishnoi, religious duties, human-animal relationship, pesticides, donations, dharma, India, Rajasthan