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AbstractThis paper focuses on the role played by Jesus' corporality in his relationship to the disciples after the resurrection. Through the study of Jn 20, especially the conflicting commandments given to Mary Magdalene (20,11-18) and Thomas (20,24-29), it is suggested that the resurrection is not to be understood physically, though it is bodily. Thus, the body of the Resurrected is still mediating his relationship with his disciples, but in a way that is both continuous and discontinuous with the way it did in his pre-Easter career.

In Togo, the building of harbor facilities, the construction of the hydroelectric dam plant of Nangbeto, urban growth and activities relating to the installation of fish farms, and the expansion of croplands are the major causes of a drastic degradation of mangroves. For a better management of this ecosystem, assessment of the current structure of mangroves, their spatiotemporal dynamics and socioeconomic issues related to mangroves were performed. Data from forest inventory, structured interviews and Landsat images of 1986 and 2014 were used. Inventories have identified 23 plant species distributed among 23 genera and 17 families dominated by Rhyzophora racemosa and Avicennia germinans. The hierarchical classification of forest inventory samples has identified three groupings of mangrove plants. Investigations show that stakeholders use wood from the mangrove for energy and fuelwood purposes. From 1986 to 2014 the land use/land cover patterns in the study area has undergone tremendous changes. Floodplains and tannes find their areas increased by 39.91 % and 46.06 % respectively, while wooded vegetation cover in whole lost 47.19 % of its area. Anthropogenic pressures would be the main cause of the degradation affecting mangroves ecosystem services and productivity. However, due to the ecological importance of mangroves, there is a need for an appropriate management plan including the contextual realities of mangroves landscapes.

Keywords: mangroves, diversité, dynamique spatio-temporelle, conservation, Togo, mangroves, diversity, spatiotemporal dynamic, conservation, Togo

The present study examined the influence of human activities on the structural characteristics of the populations of P. butyracea, a vulnerable multipurpose woody species. A total of 116 plots of 500 m² were randomly installed, 68 in the sudanian region and 48 in the sudano-guinean region, for dendrometric and floristic inventories. The populations of P. butyracea were categorized according to human pressures they are exposed to, using a Factorial Analysis of Correspondences. Three groups were discriminated : Group 1 (populations of Penessoulou and Kandi), characterized by a pressure from wild vegetation fires and agricultural activities ; Group 2 (populations of Manigri and Ségbana), characterized by illegal selective logging, abusive barking of P. butyracea, animal grazing ; and Group 3 (populations of Natitingou, Toucountouna and Tchaourou), characterized by excessive seeds collection and sand removal from the stream by humans. The diameter distribution structures were of left or right dissymmetry according to pressures types to which the discriminated groups are subjected. For a conservation of remnant populations of P. butyracea, the most degraded gallery forest stands should be reforested while protecting the least degraded ones.

Keywords: pressions anthropiques, structure, Pentadesma butyracea, zones soudanienne et soudano-guinéenne, Bénin, human activities, structure, Pentadesma butyracea, sudanian and sudano-guinean regions, Benin

While project management has developed since the 1940s, it still does not take account of knowledge creation theory. Our research aims to demonstrate that knowledge is generated during project implementation. We adopt a practice-based approach and conduct action-research. The hospital information system case shows that knowledge is created through interaction micro-processes (knowing). These processes involve tacit knowledge, as defined by Polanyi, Duguid and Tsoukas. The project is then affected by tensions and controversies, according to Engeström, and these have implications for project management.

Keywords: gestion des connaissances, management de projet, connaissances tacites, recherche action, épistémologie de la pratique, knowledge creation theory, project management, tacit knowledge, action research, practice-based approach, gestión del conocimiento, gestión de proyectos, conocimientos tácitos, búsqueda de acción, epistemiología de la práctica

The Bangui Accord, in force across all States that make up the African Intellectual Property Organization (known by its French acronym OAPI) governs both industrial property and copyright. Although the subject matter covered under copyright resembles closely that of the international intellectual property regime, Folklore, the focus of this paper, benefits from a unique system. In fact, the States of OAPI, via the revised Bangui Accord established a sui generis system of protection for traditional cultural expressions or Folklore. The special rules applicable to Folklore have been a very controversial proposition. Despite this, the sui generis system even if it is subject to certain limitations, is better suited to protect Folklore that can be diverse and ever changing.

Background: Training future doctors in the skills of evidence-based medicine (EBM) is clearly important. Journal club (JCs) are well-recognized educational interventions for teaching EBM. In contrast to postgraduate medical education, JCs use in undergraduate medical education (UME) has not been adequately explored. We conducted a realist review of the effectiveness of JCs in UME to unpack the underlying mechanisms by which the intervention works (or fails) in teaching EBM.Methods: The scope of review was the evaluation of the effectiveness of JCs in UME settings. We searched major bibliographic databases - MEDLINE, Embase, ERIC, PSYCInfo, CINAHL, Scopus, and Web of Science and found fifteen articles eligible for inclusion. Data was extracted aided by a modified Kirkpatrick framework and presented in evidence tables. Themes and chains of inference were identified, and finally, we formulated new hypotheses on how and why JC intervention works.Results: Mandatory vs. voluntary JC did not differentially impact attendance of JC in UME settings though JC duration beyond two hours decreased attendees’ self-reported satisfaction. Coupling lectures to JCs positively impacts knowledge gain and retention. Coupled Mentorship or using critical appraisal worksheets helped the achievement of manuscript writing skills and a positive attitude towards EBM.Conclusions: Journal clubs are effective interventions to teach EBM in UME settings and are well-received by learners. They improve specific learning outcomes of knowledge gain and retention, skills of manuscript writing and critical appraisal. However, we found no evidence that these translates to the practice of EBM nor impacts patient outcomes.

Online resources offer a uniquely efficient way of sharing health research with scientists and the public. Using web portals to make results and study information available to diverse audiences could work to accelerate research translation and empower patients to play a more active role in their care. But using online tools to broadly share health information raises several challenging ethical and regulatory questions. Issues such as equity, privacy, and patient empowerment may create challenges for regulators, portal developers, as well as researchers. It is additionally unclear whether web portals designed to facilitate access to research results and general health information will be regulated as medical devices under emerging regimes that control software with medical purposes. This paper aims to comparatively address whether online therapeutic portals for sharing health research are likely to be regulated in Canada, the United States, the United Kingdom, and France. We find that though these jurisdictions have each taken recent steps to regulate software as medical devices, the applicable regimes will generally not capture online portals for sharing health research. Though online portals for sharing health research are probably unregulated in many (if not most) jurisdictions, agencies have nevertheless signalled their concerns regarding several important ethical considerations (such as equity, transparency, and safety), to which portal developers and researchers should be attentive and respond. We describe here one set of issues highlighted by regulators – that is, efficiency, equity, transparency, confidentiality, communication, empowerment, training, and safety & efficacy – and consider how to best guide the design of online portals in a context of regulatory uncertainty.

Keywords: regulation, ethics, web portals, health information, réglementation, éthique, portails web, information sur la santé

AbstractABSTRACTMapuches Shamans and thé Religious Expérience of Female and MâleThis article explores shamanism as a reflexive discourse on thé rôle of gender and ils relationship to power. prestige and thé religious expérience from a critical feminist perspective. I draw thé ethnographie example of Mapuche machis or shamans from southern Chile to explain how gender is diversely constructed and thé corrélations between shamanism. warfare and agriculture, thé impact of Chilean/Christian society. fertility. androgyny. feminity and religious power. I demonstrate that gender constructions are context spécifie, complex. changing and sometimes contradictory. The Mapuche ideology of male/female complementarity is présent in thé cosmology. embodied by machis (they are thought to possess both genders) and présent in thé relationships between ritual symbols. but not always consistent in practice. I show that in thé context of social rôles and sexual identity. thé féminine side of machis becomes more important. Mâle machis become like women through transvestism and possible homosexuality while women machis maintain their dress. gender rôle and sexual identity.Key words : Bacigalupo. shamanism. gender. Mapuche. Chile

Re-contacting minors enrolled in research upon their reaching the age of majority or maturity to seek their autonomous consent to continue their participation is considered an ethical requirement. This issue has generally been studied in the context of minors who are actively involved in the research. However, what becomes of this issue when the minor has been withdrawn from the research or has been lost to follow-up? May researchers re-contact the minor at the age of majority or maturity under these circumstances to seek the consent of the minor to re-join the research? In this paper, we explore the ethical permissibility of recontacting minors whose participation in research has ended, once they have reached the age of majority or maturity. In particular, we identify scenarios in which the participation of a minor in a research project may end and discuss factors that can help determine such an ethical permissibility. Finally, we discuss the practical and ethical challenges of re-contact and present re-consent models that may be used by researchers.

Keywords: re-contact, re-consentement, mineurs, consentement, assentiment, recherche, éthique, re-contact, re-consent, minors, consent, assent, research, ethics