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AbstractBefore answering the question : what is mental illness according to Pinel, it is necessary to ask, what is a disease according to him ? The answer to that question indicates first of all that for Pinel there is no fundamental distinction between mental illness and physical disease. In spite of the fact that tradition sees in him one of the founders of modern psychiatry as an independent discipline, for him madness does not constitute a radically different type of disease. This inquiry also shows that for Pinel there is no continuity between the time in which the disease takes place and the subjective time of the patient's history. Therefore for him, contrary to what is the case in the subsequent psychiatric tradition there is not relation of explanation between the history of the subject and mental illness.
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The analysis of 19th and 20th century public school archives has much to teach us about the place that family – especially the poor family – has had within society. These records reveal much about the administration of public hygiene and education. They uncover specific methods in the health inspection and the management of students. They illuminate the healthcare problems of the day and the administration's attempts to mitigate or counter risks to health and scholarly success. « Hygiene propaganda » is exposed. Families – rich or poor, and certainly those burdened by social inequality – are viewed with circumspection while the role of the liberal state is questioned, if not criticised. If one wishes to study social inequalities in health and education, one would do well to study these historical records and understand their continuing impact in today's society.
Keywords: Pauvreté, famille, santé, prévention, état libéral, hygiénisme, santé publique, Poverty, family, social and health inequalities, liberal state, public health