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In what ways is the relation towards language and literature, in Québec and the West Indies, determined by a "linguistic overawereness"? This is what we study in this paper, which analyzes, in its first part, two important Québec manifestoes: Speak white by Michèle Lalonde and Speak what? by Marco Micone. We thus see that there is a movement from an affirmation of national identity against a dominant (and anglophone) Other to the affirmation of the participation of the (immigrant) Other in Québec 's literature. Then, in the second part, we compare the ideas expressed in L'éloge de la créolité and those cherished by Edouard Glissant, which shows that if Quebec's literary institution has grown strong enough for it to become the main reference of migrant writers, the Caribbean one is still mostly a project.

As is the case for basins of arid and semi-arid zones, the Essaouira Basin is likely to be at high risk of water scarcity due to climate change. The Essaouira Basin, which is the subject of this study, is located on the Atlantic coast of Morocco, southeast of the city of Essaouira. It is characterized by a semi-arid climate with annual rainfall of around 300 mm and average temperatures of 20°C. Looking at the importance of this basin for the groundwater supply of the Essaouira City and neighbouring clusters, this article considers the potential effect of climate change on water resources in this area. A series of piezometric maps was prepared (1990-2016) and the hydrochemical study of the water shows that they have a Na-Cl type facies in 1990, 1995 and 2009 and Mg-Ca-Cl type in 2015. This evolution is the result of cation exchange following the exceptional precipitation of 2015. The isotopes 18O, 2H, 3H and 14C were analyzed during the campaigns of 1996, 2006 and 2007. The local meteoric water line close to the global meteoric water line characterizing precipitation of oceanic origin was determined. The results of this work show: i) the existence of a depression in the piezometric level during dry years (e.g. 1995) and a modest recovery during wet years (e.g. 2004 and 2009), ii) a deterioration of the water quality away from the Wadi Ksob (recharge zone of the aquifer), and iii) that the recharge the aquifer depends on rainfall.

Keywords: aquifère, bassin d'Essaouira, changement climatique, hydrochimie, isotopes, piézométrie, réchauffement, semi-aride, ressource en eau, aquifer, climate change, Essaouira basin, hydrochemistry, isotopes, piezometry, semi-arid, water resources

AbstractWatersheds in semi-arid Mediterranean areas are subject to a variety of disturbances, including rainfall variability, land clearances, with consequent effects on the erosive potential. In this context, double mass plots were used to demonstrate recent trends in suspended sediment yields in this region. The study was conducted in the Upper Tafna basin of 256 km2 located in northwest Algeria. Sediment yield was explained as a function of the annual and seasonal time series of rainfall and water contribution.As observed elsewhere in North Africa, in the 70's, rainfall began to decrease in the study area, inducing a progressive degradation of the vegetation. As a result, rainfall often occurs on dry, hard and bare soil and leads to high peak discharges with associated high sediment transport. The study revealed that, since the beginning of 1990's, the behaviour of the seasons has changed. Even though annual precipitation has decreased, the amount of rainfall occurring during the dry season has doubled. The gradual disappearance of vegetation cover due to the recurrent drought ravaging the region over more than three decades, combined with the increase in summer storms, has led to changes in the functioning of the watershed and a more important susceptibility to erosion. For particular years, moderate annual precipitations have generated high water discharge carrying a significant sediment flux. Since the end of the 1980's, the annual mean sediment contribution was seven times greater than that in the prior period, with a 4-fold increase in the contribution of the dry season.

Keywords: Précipitation, débit liquide, sédiments en suspension, courbe des doubles cumuls, semi-aride, Haute Tafna, Rainfall, water discharge, suspended sediment, double mass curve, semi-arid, Upper Tafna

Dragon Ball, one of the best-selling comics of all time, has recieved alot of fan content all along the years. Some readers of Akira Toriyama's manga series have created fanfictions depicting the main characters in our modern world, transposed as sterotypical muslim chraracters. It began as a simple prank, then initiated a wide debate among the fans discussing the possible parallels between the stereotypes in popular manga series for young boys and the stereotypes associated with men with a cultural muslim background in France and French North Africa. This article is a retrospective about the reasons why Dragon Ball has the reputation to be a manga with almost universal popularity, and focusing on the particular case of its appropriation by the muslim community in France and French speaking Africa.

Keywords: Dragon Ball, Fanfiction, Afrique, Maghreb, Manga, Dragon Ball, Fandom, Africa, Maghreb, Manga

A cultural action that is positive, enthusiastic, marked by good physical health and triumphant youth is being consolidated in Algeria. This growth, which is based on new training in sociocultural community development, is part of a broader movement of civil society. Indeed, since the adoption in 2023 of a bill to set up mechanisms for an active and effective associative movement within society, the law on associations is being harmonized with the Article 53 of the new Algerian constitution, under which the right to create associations is guaranteed and can be exercised by a simple declaration, associations which may be dissolved only by a court decision. If the social aspect still prevails over the cultural aspect of sociocultural community development, everything is being set up so that it can play its full role in the development of the country by 2030-2035.

Keywords: société civile, sociedad civil, civil society, derecho, droit, law, associations, asociaciones, associations, juventud, youth, jeunesse

AbstractWoman 's Face. Between Shari'a and CustomsIn Algeria as in ail islamized societies, the conflict between modernists and fundamentalists hides another important conflict between fundamentalism and local customs. The debate about womens' veiled appearance proves it. We are attempting here to show that propagation of the fundamentalist veil manifests both an attack against maghrebian customs and against the maliki school, which for centuries has conciliated literal meaning of the religious law with local norms, litteracy and oral knowledge.Key words : Benkheira, islam, man-woman relationship, tradition, honor, fundamentalism, body

AbstractIn France as in most western countries, the immigrant is strongly associated with delinquency in collective representations and in media and political discourses concerning « insecurity ». This association can be decomposed into two distinct concerns : the delinquency of foreigners and the delinquency of French youth born of immigrants. This article proposes a critical survey of French research on these questions, based on administrative data and sociological research, both qualitative and quantitative. The rigorous examination of police statistics does not allow for the measurement of foreigners' delinquency. It does, however, invite us to distinguish between the professional delinquency of non resident foreigners and the delinquency of resident foreigners, such as theft and physical violence, a type of delinquency classically observed in the poorest part of the population. Sociological research allows us, then, to emphasize the fact that an overrepresentation of youth born of African immigrants among juvenile delinquents can be observed in some places but not as a general and uniform process. This statement of fact leads us to try to discover the local processes that favour the development of this local variation, from both sociological and psycho-sociological points of view.

The restructuring of Tunisian and Moroccan educational systems following the decolonization led to a dualistic system : on one hand, the neglected state education and on the other hand, a highly elitist public or private education for the ruling class of both countries. At the end of this elitist education in Tunisia or Morocco, one of the best ways for pursuing academic studies is the training given in France by the preparatory classes for entrance to the Grandes Ecoles. Two years of preparatory classes allow entrance to these Grande Ecoles by competitive examination. The presented study is the outcome of a research held in a Parisian boarding school, which welcomes young North African women in preparatory classes. The study emphasizes how the students gender is interlinked with their social class. The objective is to explore to what extent those studying orientations, driven by the strategies of the family, are modified or not by the students gender and the one of the relatives who have influenced them.