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This article explores some of the most pressing issues facing secular societies nowadays, which all embark in one way or another in a project of consolidating a harmonious living together. More specifically, it proposes to study the normative role that the civil law should give to religious rules, and the impact of these rules on women in the context of French society. The followers of the strict French secularism typically bind these two premises by the following correlation: religious rules oppress women and should therefore be excluded from the administration of civil justice. In order to provide a critical analysis of this position, this article is based on field research with Jewish and Muslim French women who used the civil and religious legal systems in the context of divorce proceedings. The interviews with women involved in this debate, although not constituting an exhaustive sample, suggest that total evacuation of all religious law is based on a simplistic and inadequate design of the actual scope of religious rules. The evidence reported in this paper suggest a relevant narrative against the pro-secular Republican discourse and demonstrate that religious standards may be used, manipulated and re-appropriated by women for emancipatory purposes that the civil law does not necessarily allow. This does not affect the normative goals of secularism. However, it warns against the oversimplification of the relationship that women develop with religion, and argues for a careful and sensitive understanding of the complex intersection between law and religion.

Keywords: Fournier, laïcité, égalité, religion, femmes, France, justice, Fournier, Secularism, Equality, Religion, Women, France, Justice, Fournier, laicidad, igualdad, religión, mujeres, Francia, justicia

This text presents a description of the plant world of an oasis in pre-Saharan Morocco (Souss region) by emphasizing the daily presence of elderly women from very modest backgrounds, who come daily to weed and collect spontaneous plants. These women have a special relationship with the latter and transpose their nourishing, prophylactic, therapeutic or magical powers to the oasis community as a whole. But the question arises of what will happen to this field of relationships, so integrated into fertility cycles, in the wake of the structural transformations and modernization projects currently under way in oasis areas. These projects, while supporting environmentalist objectives, affirm a modality of qualification of the soil and its exploitation that tends to eclipse the presence of these women, neglecting at the same time the whole cosmological background on which their attentive gestures draw, and the sensate permeability of the oasis plant universe of which they are the custodians.

Keywords: Breviglieri, oasis, femme, végétal, écologie, soin, atmosphère, vie, communs, Breviglieri, oasis, woman, vegetal, ecology, care, atmosphere, life, commons, Breviglieri, oasis, mujer, vegetal, ecología, care, atmósfera, vida, comunes

This article focuses on a fieldwork study we conducted on the Rif society, more precisely on the question of power. As the culture of kif and its derivatives has emerged and developed, the socio-economic connections have been deeply changed. So have the values of honour and baraka, which were traditionally the foundation of power, symbolically built on lands and women, forbidden domains. What are the social consequences of this internationalisation of the kif economy ? How is the new power in the actual Rif ? This is what this article deals with, by analysing the new social hierarchy in general and the baznass group in particular, a new social class trying to rule a society where the symbolic basis has been chased by the material one.

Keywords: Mouna, rif, pouvoir, économie, cannabis, Mouna, Rif, Power, Economy, Cannabis, Mouna, Rif, poder, economía, cannabis

This article is based on research led in Montreal between 2011 and 2015 with Muslim women and Muslim feminists from different backgrounds. I this research, I have been interested in understanding and situating mobilizations of Muslim women from their own point of view. By adopting a postcolonial feminist approach writing « against culture » (Abu-Lughod 1991), I explored feminist subjectivation of Muslim women in Quebec. This subjectivation provides complex discourses with no contradiction between Islam and feminism or « Orient » and « Western ». Islam is experienced as a complex set of self-techniques that structures the Muslim feminist consciousness through Islamic and anti-racist praxis. While most respondents agree that feminism is a struggle for social justice, their political orientations are diverse and non-homogeneous. However, in a context of objectification and gendered Islamophobia, Islam is experienced as an emancipatory source of self.

Keywords: Benhadjoudja, subjectivation, objectivation, femmes musulmanes, féminisme musulman, islam, islamophobie, antiracisme, études postcoloniales, Benhadjoudja, Subjectivication, Objectivation, Muslim Women, Muslim Feminism, Islam, Islamophobia, Antiracism, Postcolonial Studies, Benhadjoudja, subjetivación, objetivación, mujeres musulmanas, feminismo musulmán, islam, islamofobia, antirracismo, estudios post-coloniales

In terms of languages, markets and labels, African publishing represents a field of constant discourse. It also continually questions not just the way we look at books, but also our relationship with them and with the international publishing industry. The time has long passed when the leading discourse on publishing in Africa was devoted primarily to a “book famine” related to the African economic crisis of the 1980s. Over the past three decades, the African book market has done nothing but grow on the continent, diversifying its increasingly dense and transnational production through the circulation of books and of publishing information. Nonetheless, quite often African publishing is presented in terms of the difficulties faced by its stakeholders, rather than those stakeholders' agency, their capacity to develop their markets. Indeed, history has shown that the African publishing industry is a mirror of the globalisation of publishing and of its economic flux. That being the case, the economic challenges that one can observe in the African industry is thus a reflection of the imbalances, alternatives – also margins – of a world of books that is increasingly concentrated. In this sense, African publishing invites a two-fold interrogation: in Africa it must advocate a cultural and economic legitimacy within evolving socio-political situations and an outward-looking educational market. Internationally, it must position itself in terms of non-African publishing of literature and non-fiction that makes up the majority of African intellectual production in the world. By examining the discourse around African books, African publishers' discourse, and the evolution of African books in French since the 1980's, this article aims to question the relationship between the book industry in Africa and the globalisation of books phenomenon in order to bring to light a network of exchanges, tensions, and influences that turns the African book market into a veritable “glocal” space.

The article deals with performances of memories and identities by and about Jews from the Middle East and North Africa region, with a focus on Jews of Libyan descent. It acknowledges the complexity that intrinsically characterizes these sources in terms of the heterogeneity of their contents, but also the political implications inherent to their transmission and communication. What is needed, however, is to make this complexity readable, and to make it readable, the author suggests making it visible. To achieve this goal, the author proposes adopting a new research approach which takes inspiration from the field of digital humanities, to assist in thinking spatially and visually about the performances of memories and identities. This can bring about a kind of methodological reconciliation between the researcher, the complexity of the data, the necessity to transform them into accurate research results and the responsibility to effectively communicate them to the larger public.

In this article, we aim to better understand parents' social representations of their children's school and schooling through elements related to their premigration context and their settlement in the host society. Using a qualitative-exploratory-interpretative approach, we collected from 25 families who have been established in Québec from six months to nine years. Our results show the necessity of considering the rationale of their migration when it comes to understanding parents' positions towards school perseverance. Taking settlement challenges in regards to socio-professional integration and to the acculturation process into account also sheds light on parents' positions towards the teaching of English and socialization values conveyed in school (real or perceived).

Keywords: Parents récemment immigrés, contexte de migration, prises de position, relations école-familles, représentations sociales, Recently immigrated parents, migratory context, parents' positions towards school and schooling, school and families relationships, social representations

Social scientists have renewed their interest in the middle class, especially in contexts where it plays a critical role in urban processes (for example, gentrification, housing market dynamics, or the rise of right-wing political parties). However, in Quebec, and in Canada in general, scholars have tended to overlook the middle classes, giving their attention instead to the top and bottom layers of the social hierarchy. This article demonstrates why it is worth taking a serious look at the middle classes. We present the results of a study of interethnic relations in four middle-class neighbourhoods in the Montreal region. Drawing on fieldwork in the neighbourhoods that was designed to let opinions about growing local ethnocultural diversity emerge spontaneously, we show that while people do not always know how exactly to name this diversity, they generally hold positive attitudes towards it, along with a certain discomfort at times.

Keywords: Cohabitation interethnique, quartiers, classes moyennes, perceptions de la diversité, Montréal, Interethnic relations, neighbourhood, middle class, perceptions of diversity, Montreal

Keywords: Frontière, Politique de la ville en France, Affinité, Proximité, Précarité

The introduction of the Education for the environment in Algeria is connected with an institutional education strategy for the lasting environment and development (Education for the Environment and Sustainable Development, EEDD). Within the framework of this strategy, human and material means were mobilized. However, this introduction did neither represent a moment to reconsider the polytechnical orientation of the school nor to rearrange the utilization of time and to distribute the contents of the textbooks better. For example, much before the establishment of the national strategy of EEDD, the incorporation of a subject called "Environment studies" at the beginning of the years of 2000 has not included significantly the utilization of time. We have also analyzed sensible textbooks translating the objectives of the EEDD such as defined in the agreement signed in 2002 between the ministries of environment and national education for the introduction of the Education for the environment. The analysis has utilized four catagories of items, namely "Nature, Ecology, Life", "Health, Culture, Family, Education", "Pollution, Threats", "Measures of protection and reorganization". Quantitatively, the obtained results indicate a significant change with regard to the previous textbooks examined by Remki, Clément, and Khemmar (2000). Nevertheless, the subjects connected with the environment are not always problematized qualitatively. Furthermore, the textbooks are divided into two large categories as far as the question of problematization is concerned : the normative and prescriptive textbooks and the descriptive and explicative textbooks. In the first type, we find the textbooks of religious and civic education and in the second one, the textbooks of scientific/technological education and of geography. The second category offers better pedagogical possibilities, particularly for the implication of the teachers and pupils/students.

Keywords: environnement, éducation, manuels scolaires, problématisation, pédagogie, implication, environment, education, textbooks, problematization, pedagogical, implication