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A statistical downscaling model (ASD) was evaluated by simultaneously downscaling maximum temperature, minimum temperature, and precipitation in Tangier's region (North-Western Morocco). The data used for evaluation were large-scale atmospheric data encompassing daily NCEP reanalysis data and the daily mean climate model results for scenarios A2 and B2 of the HadCM3 model and scenario A2 of the MCCG3 model. Selected as climate variables for downscaling were measured daily maximum temperature, daily minimum temperature, and precipitation data (1961 - 2000) from the weather station of Tangier. The results show that the pattern of change and numerical values of the temperature can be simulated, with the coefficients of determination between observed and downscaled daily maximum temperature and daily minimum temperature that attain 90% and 81%, respectively. However for precipitation, the statistical relationship still relatively weak, this is illustrated by a coefficient of determination that not exceed 20%.During 2061 – 2100, A2 scenario expect an increase for the maximum air temperature and the minimum temperature that attain about 2,9 °C but precipitation would decrease by about 49%. In the same trend, B2 scenario simulate an increase for the maximum air temperature and the minimum temperature by about 1,8 °C and 1,6 °C respectively and precipitation would decrease by about 45%. Thus, the climate of the North-Western Morocco tends to aridity with more warmer and drier conditions.

Keywords: changement climatique, descente d'échelle statistique, modèle de circulation générale, régression linéaire, Maroc, climate change, statistical downscaling, general circulation model, linear regression, Morocco

The high plains of Lebanon are subject to water erosion which tends to strip its soils and threaten its agricultural activities. The combined effect of anthropogenic actions (cultural management, deforestation, overgrazing) and natural factors (climatic aggressiveness, steep slopes, soil), weakens the soil and threatens agricultural parcels by depositing sediments. Mhaydssé is a village concerned by this problem and its representative of the natural and anthropogenic conditions of the Békaa's southeast. The study uses GIS and the Universal Earth Loss Equation (USLE). To replace the intensity of precipitation, the aggressiveness index was calculated from the equation of Renard and Freimund. Five soil types were sampled, for which the soil granulometry was analyzed in five classes. The topography (slope), the vegetation cover and the anti-erosion practices are the other factors that have been quantified. Of the 1800 hectares of the study area, the average loss of land is 46 t / ha / year. This high value comes from a high spatial heterogeneity. The barren slopes are subject to rates above 300 t /ha /yr, while the bottom of the plain is practically untouched. Large spatial differences over small distances confirm the thoroughness of an accurate analysis of soil texture.

Keywords: érosion hydrique, USLE, SIG, Békaa, Liban, soil erosion, USLE, GIS, Békaa, Lebanon

This article summarizes specific results of a study on the integration of young teachers into the Quebec teaching profession during the difficult times of the 1980s and 1990s. On the basis of interviews and a documentary review, that study analyzed teachers’ transition paths in depth and brought to light the various integration approaches used by teachers. This article does not present the detailed results for each theme explored by the study, but attempts to reconstruct the overall meaning of the transition process beyond the diversity and particularity of paths and the experience of the teachers who were interviewed. The study explained three fundamental aspects to the transition paths of young teachers: a) the non-linearity of the process and the non-existence of any one transition model; b) the progressive improvement to the teachers’ professional situation over time and c) the historicity of paths taken. These results bear witness to the need to review notions of precariousness, stability, job security and integration, all of which are stuck in the era of full employment and the use of objective and economic parameters.

In order to ensure pedagogical continuity, using digital tools during the COVID crisis has lit up pedagogical ideologies linked to institutional injunctions. A survey filled by teachers in a faculty of literature and social sciences has made it possible to question the links between declared teaching practices during the health crisis and changes that may have occurred in the teaching praxis. The results show that crisis situations are not likely to allow long term changes especially when they awake fears linked to top-down decisions on digital tools and innovation.

Keywords: Accompagnement au changement, pédagogie universitaire, pratiques numériques, Change management, university teaching, digital teaching practices

The political participation of the Islamists of the Justice and Development Party (PJD) is the result of a long historical process that goes back to the early 1980s, when former members of the Shabiba Islamiya (Islamic Youth) decided to break with the ideological principles of radical Islamism. The purpose of this study is to examine the transition of the Islamists of the PJD Islamists to reformism and political pragmatism using a socio-historical approach. The objective is to show how the PJD Islamists became moderate, and whether the PJD's political pragmatism has really framed the transition of the Shabiba Islamiya from the radical vision of society - Hakimiyya (God's sovereignty) - to a reformist vision by forming a political party. To do this, our study is based on interviews with leaders and ideologues of this with leaders and ideologists of this party. In addition, the study refers to a set of documents and political works defining both the ideology of this party and that of the Al-Adl wal-Ihssane (Justice and Benevolence) group. The latter is the largest Islamist group in Morocco, which, unlike the PJD, rejects any possibility of integration into the Moroccan political system.

Keywords: pragmatisme, radicalité politique, modération idéologique, la légalité, participation politique

This research studies the audiovisual public service media's missions and the control national regulators exert within the national frameworks of 18 Europeans, Africans and Middle Eastern members of the French-speaking association of media regulators, using data collected in 2019 from each country's regulatory bodies. On the one hand, it provides an overview of the missions assigned to the public service media and their difficulties in ensuring them. On the other hand, it addresses the regulation that is applied to these public service media through the prism of control methods and the relationships that regulators and the media maintain.

Keywords: service public, audiovisuel, régulation, REFRAM, public service, audio-visual, regulation, REFRAM

Based on a study done in the Laurentides region, this article presents the life story as a preferred means of accessing the experience, power to act and judgment of immigrants during their process of social and professional integration in Québec. This methodological device offers the possibility of studying the meaning that they give to what they have learned as migrants, to highlight their strategic actions to overcome constraints and to reveal their favourable evaluation of the process. The results allow distancing from the logic of normalizing the obstacles and dissatisfaction that are felt to be inherent in the immigration process and rejection of the tendency to present immigrants as passive victims in the face of difficult situations. They identify positive actions taken during the integration process and the feeling of satisfaction that can result from these actions.

Why did my co-worker made this comment? If I question him, what will be the consequences? Questions under certain subtle forms of discrimination are numerous (Sue 2010). This article examines forms of discrimination that have been little studied in the literature so far and which, in this case, refer to subtle racism and microaggressions. Do these forms of discrimination influence the job integration process of racialized immigrant health professionals in Montreal? To carry out this research, we conducted a dozen semi-structured interviews with immigrant health professionals in the greater Montreal area. The results of this exploratory study show that all racialized immigrant women reported experiencing these subtle forms of discrimination, before hiring, during the staffing process or once the job has been obtained, whether they are highly or not at all deskilled. This research highlights a complex situation in the workplace, which manifests itself at various stages and undermines the well-being of these racialized immigrant women by marginalizing them. At the end of this exploratory study, it appears that, even if some racialized immigrant health professionals achieve a certain formal equality by regaining their original profession, real equality is still a long way off.

Keywords: Racisme subtil, microagressions, femmes racisées, formes de discrimination subtile, immigrantes racisées professionnelles de la santé, Subtle racism, microagressions, racialized women, subtle forms of discrimination, racialized immigrant women health professionals

From a comparative and intersectional perspective, this article examines union support to VTC drivers and meal delivery workers' mobilizations in France. Based on a qualitative survey of workers' groups supported by the CFDT and the CGT, it highlights the common challenges and obstacles these organizations face today in supporting the collective action of precarious and racialized workers. The intersecting effects of precariousness, gender and race on union action take three forms: the decentering from the wage-earning system, the union approach to platform workers, and the management of two-tier industrial relations. The union support to the mobilizations of VTC drivers and delivery workers has unfolded in conflictual dynamics connected with legal practices, the reappropriation of union action repertoire and the mobilization of community resources. The collective action processes are as a result hybrid and fragile.

Keywords: Intersectionnalité, Mobilisations, Accompagnement syndical, Précarité, Travailleurs de plateforme, Intersectionality, Mobilizations, Union support, Precariousness, Platform workers