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This article proposes an alternative conceptualization of cultural entrepreneurship. Based on a semi-structured interview study conducted in the music industry of linguistic minorities, it offers a model in line with the practice perspective, that considers the mutually constitutive relationship between the context and the entrepreneurial practices. This model emerges from the stories of 35 musical entrepreneurs. It invites to pay attention to the practices as they answer tensions induced by the context, between musical creation and subsistence, for example, and as they transform this context. It led to identifying 14 practices that allow entrepreneurs to ensure the viability of creating and producing vocal music in their language. In revealing the relational logic underlying the emergence of these practices, the article contributes to the efforts undertaken for theorizing cultural entrepreneurship. It expands and diversifies knowledge on this entrepreneurship by unveiling informal practices implemented in marginal social contexts. Understanding these practices may be relevant for any person or organization able to support cultural entrepreneurs from these contexts.

Keywords: Entrepreneuriat culturel, Perspective de la pratique, Industrie de la musique, Minorités linguistiques, Contextes sociaux marginaux, Cultural entrepreneurship, Practice perspective, Music industry, Linguistic minorities, Marginal social contexts, Emprendimiento cultural, Perspectiva desde la práctica, Industria de la música, Minorías lingüísticas, Contextos sociales marginales

Numerous articles in psychology show that the sum of the views individuals have of their past, present, and future (their time perspective) influences their cognitions and behaviors. We extend these findings to the field of entrepreneurship and suggest that time perspective can influence entrepreneurs' alertness (TP acting as a potential determinant prior to alertness). We propose a theoretical framework to better understand the role time perspective can play in key aspects of entrepreneurship such as entrepreneurial alertness, i.e., the capacity for an entrepreneur to see opportunities missed by others. The main objective of our research contribution is to build theoretical propositions and a model interrelating time perspective according to Zimbardo and Boyd (1999) and entrepreneurial alertness according to Tang, Kacmar and Busenitz (2012). Linking both concepts constitutes the main contribution. A discussion, implications, limitations and directions for future research are also introduced.

Keywords: Temps, Opportunité, Cognition, Vigilance, Entrepreneuriat, Time, Opportunity, Cognition, Alertness, Entrepreneurship, Tiempo, Oportunidad, Cognición, Vigilancia, Empresariado

This research contributes to the field of entrepreneurship support by providing knowledge on pre-incubation. Pre-incubation remains to be defined in particular by considering the lack of empirical work. Our work is based on the pre-incubator of the University of Bordeaux, Ubee Lab, which supports student-entrepreneurs with the twofold objective of helping their projects to gain in maturity and to make them more convincing. The head of Ubee Lab expressed the problem of the lack of a method built around the now widespread concept of Business Model. More precisely, the method, in addition to pursuing the two previous objectives, had to encourage the commitment of the students by sequencing the progress of their projects. The method also had to be formalised in order to be integrated by future new employees of Ubee Lab, this type of structure experiencing a high turnover. In this way, the method professionalizes the employees of the pre-incubator and contributes to their recognition in the ecosystem of entrepreneurial support. This action-research is thus of engineering significance by providing a method expected by the actors in the field and by drawing elements from it which contributes to better understand pre-incubation. This building of knowledge seems necessary for entrepreneurial support ecosystems and entrepreneurial education ecosystems since the French Ministry of Higher Education, Research and Innovation encourages universities to, among other things, support students with an entrepreneurial project.

Keywords: Préincubateur, Incubateur, Accompagnement entrepreneurial, Méthode d'accompagnement, Écosystème entrepreneurial, Étudiant-entrepreneur, Business model, Université entrepreneuriale, Pre-incubator, Incubator, Entrepreneurial support, Support method, Entrepreneurial ecosystem, Student-entrepreneur, Business model, Entrepreneurial university, Pre-incubadora, Incubadora, Apoyo al emprendimiento, Método de apoyo, Ecosistema emprendedor, Estudiante-emprendedor, Modelo de negocio, Universidad emprendedora

On February 27, 2010, an earthquake shook Chile. The magnitude of the disaster required a large-scale response mobilizing many stakeholders. The lack of effectiveness in managing the crisis following the disaster observed by the stakeholders, led them to build an emergency response network to coordinate future responses more effectively. This research aims to explain the creation and evolution of the governance structure of the Chilean humanitarian network between 2010 and 2019. The results show that the existing models, especially those proposed by Provan and Kenis (2008), do not explain the complexity of the third development level of development of the observed network. The theory of social network analysis and the concept of multilayered networks were used to explore its nuances. Thus, we propose an additional model we call “multilayer divided governance” to describe the last network structure observed from 2015 to 2019.

Keywords: Complex networks, Réseaux complexes, governance, gouvernance, crisis, crise, structure, structure

The restructuring of Tunisian and Moroccan educational systems following the decolonization led to a dualistic system : on one hand, the neglected state education and on the other hand, a highly elitist public or private education for the ruling class of both countries. At the end of this elitist education in Tunisia or Morocco, one of the best ways for pursuing academic studies is the training given in France by the preparatory classes for entrance to the Grandes Ecoles. Two years of preparatory classes allow entrance to these Grande Ecoles by competitive examination. The presented study is the outcome of a research held in a Parisian boarding school, which welcomes young North African women in preparatory classes. The study emphasizes how the students gender is interlinked with their social class. The objective is to explore to what extent those studying orientations, driven by the strategies of the family, are modified or not by the students gender and the one of the relatives who have influenced them.

Collateralized Fund Obligations (CFOs) are a relatively new type of financialproduct in the wide family of derivatives that emerged from structured finance.Contrary to the case of a CDO which consist in the securitization of a portfolio ofdebts, the cash flows generated in a CFO structure come from a portfolio of hedgefunds. The purpose of this paper is to expose the big picture related to hedgefunds and CDOs in order to briefly present CFO structures afterwards as the result of the merger of the two previous products. Despite the objective to summarizethe universe of hedge funds, the description of these vehicles needs exhaustivenessin order to understand all the basic characteristics of the securitized assets.Concerning CDOs, a global understanding of the different possible structures isnecessary to better situate the attributes inherent to CFOs.

The purpose of this article is to develop a new approach of the current discussion on the insurance on the “new risks”. It makes a point on the notions of risk and uncertainty in order to propose an alternative interpretation of this new risks universe. The article then goes on to evaluate the insurability criteria in uncertainty and studies the question of the emerging financial tools to cover large scale ambiguous risks. Lastly, it concludes by defining an “uncertainty management”and lays the foundations of an economic theory of insurability in such context.

Keywords: Incertitude, risques catastrophiques, assurance, mutualisation, principede précaution, développement durable, Uncertainty, catastrophic risks, insurance, mutualization, precautionnary principle, sustainable development