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Considered the most controversial—and often misunderstood—aspect of the Muslim religion, jihād has been the focus of widespread debate and study for many years. This article revisits the historic evolution of the concept of defensive jihād and confirms the existence of a continuous and stable majority doctrinal trend that limits jihād to this defensive vocation (jihād al-dafāa), both in classic Muslim legal doctrine and in the writings of Muslim legal scholars and theologians since the so-called Renaissance period. This doctrinal stability supports the idea that jihād can be viewed as a specific form of legitimate self-defence similar, in some ways, to the concept as developed in contemporary international law. Added to this is the argument according to which Muslim countries' adherence to instruments of international law cannot be completely dissociated from the historic evolution of defensive jihād.

Keywords: jihād, droit islamique, droit international, légitime défense, jihād, Islamic law, international law, legitimate self-defence, Yihad, derecho islámico, derecho internacional, legítima defensa

The threats to biodiversity lead us to reflect on the meaning we give to the invasive potential of exogenous species and to their management. The disconnection of urban dwellers from nature complicates the human - nonhuman relationships that we invite to think in terms of multispecific anthropology. The latter questions the forms of living together and leads us to examine how societies deal with the reception or the exclusion of species considered invasive. We studied exotical turtles found in two parks of Strasbourg with a double naturalistic and ethnological approach. More than 60 individuals from eight exotic turtle species have been contacted during the summers of 2017 and 2018. The shared opinions on the relevance of their presence reveal a certain embarrassment of the 87 informants. Turtles represent a factor of attraction and reconnection with nature but their exoticism questions or worries. This exotism invites us to confront the values attributed to them in order to reconsider the methods used to manage our environments. Once informed by the investigator about the origin and the invasive potential in the natural environment, the majority of users recommend the extraction of the turtles towards dedicated places, but the idea of their destruction is globally rejected. The carefull analysis of discourses points out to nuanced or perplexed postures on the legitimacy of humans to govern nature. More broadly, the relationship between city dwellers and the Nature or even Otherness is questions by these exotical turtles in our urban green parcs.

Keywords: tortues exotiques, nature en ville, espèces exotiques envahissantes, ethnobiologie, parcs urbains, gestion des espaces publics, représentations populaires, exotical turtles, urban nature, invasive species, ethnobiology, urban green parc, management of public areas, popular representations

Historical data allows to raise the problem of natural hazard consideration in territorial management in an original way. The cultural and historical context of the production of old documents about natural disasters must be interpreted to clarify the qualitative evolutions of what is not yet called the vulnerability. Reduce the historical diversity of disaster victims aids procedures to a « compensation » may be educational but illustrates an « épistémisation » process (Chouquer, 2008) : aids procedures can easily be reduced to its financial side, as it is usually the most important today. But it was not the same during the XVIIIth century in France. The historical overwhelmingly implicit context, within which these aids are organized must be specified and constructed. The geohistorical approach of risk is not only interesting in itself to detect stereotypes and anachronisms, but also allows to re-question the contemporary practices of hazard management. To make allowance for the diversity of facts and representations allows then to wonder about the positive and creative side of hazard and disaster. This ambivalence of risk and disaster is often claimed by the victims as the creator of social cohesion through an empirical and global management. While wanting to restore a positive side of the vulnerabilities, the resilience notion may prevent the integration of this creative side by contributing to strengthen the modern framework thinking established on division and high specialization ?

Keywords: risque naturel, catastrophe, inondation méditerranéenne, vulnérabilité historique, indemnisation, perception, représentation, natural hazard, disaster, Mediterranean flood, historical vulnerability, compensation, perception, representation

This paper aims to highlight existing confusion over the terms used in assessments on water uses : needs, demands, supply, consumption, withdrawals. We suggest a terminological framework adapted to the challenges of water uses quantification, necessary to monitor integrated water resources management (IWRM). A state-of-the-art first draws an overview of synonyms of water use and their different interpretations. A proposal of consistent terminology is then provided based on the water use cycle concept, in order to illustrate the specificities of each term. Results show that confusions mainly arise at the water use stage itself, for which several different terms are used (need, demand, supply and consumption). Differences that distinguish these notions are described on a generic scheme of the water use cycle, where demand is the central notion. Features related to specific water uses are then presented through this cycle : drinking water, irrigation and environmental uses. A geologist, geographer, hydrologist and economist jointly conducted this reflection, thus feeding the debate on water uses' terminology and synthesizing on what is meant by "water use" in an interdisciplinary manner.

Keywords: usages de l'eau, demande en eau, terminologie, confusions, cycle d'usage de l'eau, quantification, water uses, water demand, terminology, confusions, water use cycle, quantification

Despite their defended state property status, Tunisian mountains are affected by a rural people return phenomenon and a varied occupation and utilizing forms since the January 14 revolt (2011). This ended distancing relationships between people and mountains, but is-it restoring mountain heritage in concerned regions? Is-it boosting local development ? Or is-it generating new environmental ravages and new conflicts ? The Goubrar mountain example (middle-west Tunisia) allows for understanding agrarian structures and land use forms change since the end of XIXth century. It enables particularly to understand the current “return to the mountain” and the stakeholders strategies and social representations about local and sustainable development in such a poor and marginalized regions.

Keywords: retour à la montagne, djebel Goubrar, Sidi Bouzid, jessours, aménagement, développement local, return to the mountain, Goubrar mountain, Sidi Bouzid, jessours, planning, local development