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The Northern part of Morocco is changing due to globalization and the increasing individualism that comes with it. However, that region still has a strong sense of community. Values are not disappearing, they are just changing. Can this sense of community and these values be also found in very small companies ? How do managers combine, in the way they run their business and they care for their employees, the circle of values kept from the past and those taken emerging from our modern society ? How does the complex relationship between what is universal and what is contextual work ? We will try to explain how company managers keep their cultural background and why it is still influential and meaningful.

Keywords: Autorité, Dirigeant, TPE, Pratique d'animation des relations humaines, Éthos méditerranéen

The Mediterranean together with the Black Sea constitutes a fishing ground of almost 3 000 000 square kilometres. In view of its geographical location, numerous conflicts arise in this area regarding its exploitation since 22 states have direct access to its waters. Total fish catch in the Mediterranean amount to almost 1 900 000 tons per year with a rise of 136 % over 20 years. This industry employs nearly 250 000 fishermen. The occupations vary greatly in general and the exploitable resources are shared inequitably. The state of exploitation is such that the financial returns are extremely uneven, hence the requisite for profitability sometimes leaves much to be desired. Although potential development of stock appears limited, changes in reception facilities, production instruments, planning of coastal and lagoon areas, and better training of fishermen would improve the situation in this industry. The setting-up of Mediterranean integrated programmes can be a step forward towards the realization of this goal.

AbstractIndustrial olive oil production is of fundamental economic importance for many countries from the Mediterranean Sea. However, during olive oil production, large amounts of polluted waters, known as olive mill wastewaters (OMW), are generated. Discharge of this effluent into receiving waters without treatment leads to serious environmental problems in these countries. Many studies have been undertaken to find efficient treatment systems and several techniques have been tested, but there have been few studies investigating sand filters for this type of effluent. The purpose of this work was to test the suitability of sand filters to treat olive mill wastewater, specifically by a 50% dilution of OMW with domestic wastewater. Results show that the initial OMW had an acidic pH (4.93) due to the presence of substances such as phenolic acids and fatty acids. The electrical conductivity was very low (9.6 mS•cm‑1) compared to that reported from urban effluents in Marrakech (Morocco). This OMW contained high amounts of phenolic substances (1.42 g•L‑1), total Chemical Oxygen Demand (28 g COD•L‑1) and dissolved Chemical Oxygen Demand (18 g COD•L‑1). During the first week, the treatment of the raw OMW with a sand filter allowed an increase of pH (from 4.93 to 7) and electrical conductivity (from 10.2 to 15.4 mS•cm‑1), and a reduction of the following parameters: total COD (36%), dissolved COD (33%), phenol contents (53%), total Kjeldahl nitrogen NTK (67%) and ammonium (75%). In a sand column, percolation of diluted OMW with domestic wastewater allowed an increase of pH (8.03) and significantly improved the removal efficiency of total COD (76%), dissolved COD (92%), phenols (90%), NTK (50%) and ammonium (87%).

Keywords: margines, eaux usées urbaines, infiltration sur sable, polyphénols, matière organique, azote, olive mill wastewater, treatment, sand filter, domestic wastewater, phenols, organic matter, nitrogen

This article aims to highlight the contradiction between the fact that the Convention on the Rights of the Child is supposed to be addressed to all those able to understand it (“à tout entendeur”; Cornu, 2005, p. 227-228) and yet the editorial constraints to which the text was submitted (De Saint Robert, 2013), make it difficult to interpret for the reader who is not a specialist of Onusian speak. This is why Arab citizens find the Convention difficult to appropriate, even though the translation is considered an authentic international juridical instrument with a universal vocation, in accordance with the principle of equal authenticity of the translated text (Sauron, 2009). At a formal level, we note that the tendency to standardize the phraseology and the terminology by a process of superposition of the translated versions with the original texts written in English and French—in order to respect the neutrality of a UN discourse—contributes to creating a style that marks a stark contrast with language habits and lexicon of native speakers. At a conceptual level, we note a referential shift caused by some denominative options which, in the field of juridical systems and practices specific to the Arab world, refer to standards and principles of law which could be very different from international law.

Keywords: enfant, droit international, droit musulman, traductologie, traduction, child, international law, Arab and Islamic Law, translation studies, translation

Depuis 2004, le Maroc s’est engagé dans une ambitieuse stratégie nationale de construction de villes nouvelles dans le but de relever les défis liés à l’urbanisation incontrôlée et de promouvoir la croissance économique dans tout le royaume. Avec 19 projets en cours de développement, le Maroc figure parmi les pays les plus actifs au monde dans la construction de villes nouvelles créées ex nihilo. Cette thèse de doctorat analyse la construction de villes nouvelles contemporaines au Maroc en tant que stratégie de développement national, dans le contexte de la prolifération de projets similaires à travers le Sud global et sur le continent africain. Elle explore l’interaction entre les différentes échelles spatiales auxquelles l’imaginaire de la ville nouvelle est déployé, ainsi que les perspectives divergentes des …

Starting in the 1990s, Morocco intiated a process of recognition of the different identities, whether of Berber or of Jewish origin, that contributed to the formation of Moroccan identity throughout time. In fact, up until the 1990s, and according to the pan-Arabist atmosphere of the time, state policies in Morocco sought to hide and marginalize all non-Arab historical and cultural heritages. The change in policies tha occurred in the 1990s gave rise to a whole new set of issues in terms of memory and heritage politics. The interest shown by King Mohammed VI, who wanted all Jewish cemeteries in Morocco to be restored with funds coming directly from the Royal Palace, helped to recover 167 Jewish cemeteries in Morocco only in 2015. Against this background, the case of Meknes is unique and interesting to analyse. As one of the most important cities for the history of Jews in Morocco, Meknes up until today has no place of Jewish memory restored and preserved as such, except for a partial restoration of the old cemetery made in 2017. The cemetery of the ancient mellah in Meknes, in particular, presents a unique urban typology that sees the tombs nestling along its walls, the holiest among them being placed at the foot of the walls themselves, as if to protect, from this position, the entire mellah. It is then the specific case of Meknes and the forgetting of its Jewish heritage that will be the object of my analysis.

SummaryThe present study illustrates the distribution, mobility, bioavailability and speciation of total chromium (Cr) in the various strata of a constructed reed bed soil in comparison to unplanted soil under arid climate conditions. The operationally determined speciation of Cr was investigated using a five-step sequential extraction method using CaCl2 (0.1 M) to extract bioavailable Cr.The results indicated that there was a significant accumulation of total Cr, reaching 80% in the surface strata for the planted (PP) and unplanted (NPP) systems. Analysis of variance (ANOVA) showed a significant difference (p<0.05) in Cr accumulation in the surface of the soil between the PP system (48 ± 4 g·kg-1) and the NPP system (39 ± 7 g·kg‑1). The partitioning results indicated that the percentage of Cr in the exchangeable phase was very low. The Cr was mainly associated with the oxidizable phase: 36 ± 10% for the PP system and 54 ± 9% for the NPP system. The residual phase contained 26 ± 3%, 25 ± 2% of the Cr for the PP and NPP systems, respectively. The carbonate fraction represented 19.5 ± 5% for PP system and 10.7 ± 5% for NPP system, whereas the reducible fraction represented 18 ± 6% for the PP system and 10 ± 4% for the NPP system. The sequential extraction results showed that Phragmites australis had the ability to partially transfer Cr from the mobile oxidizable fraction to the less mobile reducible and carbonate fractions. Indeed, Cr was relatively unavailable to the plant but the results did show that Phragmites australis accumulated an appreciable amount of Cr in the roots (1690 mg·kg-1 dry matter). Furthermore, after 13 months, the soil had accumulated high amounts of chromium (94%) with only 5% of the Cr accumulated in Phragmites australis. The presence of plants ensures a sufficient porosity for the percolation of water for treatment, which makes it possible to treat a larger volume of wastewater and to reduce the required soil surface area needed for treatment.

Keywords: chrome, tannerie, sol, mobilité, spéciation, biodisponibilité, Phragmites australis, chromium, tannery, soil, mobility, speciation, bioavailability, Phragmites australis