Documents found
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221.More information
The criteria of direct effect of agreements concluded by the European Community have not yet been exhaustively dealt with in the case law of the European Court of Justice. Some of the cases are misleading because they would have us believe that direct effect of multilateral agreements can be achieved by optimizing international dispute settlement procedures. This is not convincing, first of all because in intergovernmental relations control over the performance of other contracting parties is illusive. Any improvement of judicial procedures, particularly in a multilateral context, is destined to be marginal as long as one is confined to mechanisms of mere intergovernmental dispute settlement. Secondly, the implications of this for direct effect are tenuous. Direct effect, or ‘standing' by individuals, is not simply an abstract legal question but also entails policy decisions. The desirability of effective enforcement is weighed against other objectives such as the maintenance of a certain level of democracy, and the instrumentalization of treaties in the pursuit of foreign and internal policy objectives. A treatment of the age-old question of direct effect which combines elements of legal doctrine and political science analysis yields a better insight into the criteria for direct effect than simple reliance on the evolving case law.
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222.More information
National discourses, forms of ethno-national belonging, and nationalist values are said to be based, since the 18th century, on heteronormativity, gender binarism, sexual dimorphism, and, consequently, on the regulation or invisibilization of sexual and gender diversity. In recent years, I have focused on technologies of national identity management related to governmentality and biopolitics, as well as on the uses made of academic productions (especially anthropological ones) to shape the discursivity that regulates sexual and gender diversity. Based on my experiences of multi-sited ethnographic research, I propose a theoretical debate aimed at decentering the gaze on expressions of sexual and gender diversity which could lead to a subversion of the order of things and to the proposal of another possible common world against the necropolitical expansionism of the new moral crusades.
Keywords: système-monde, État-nation, décolonialité, sexualité, hétérotopie, World-system, nation-state, decoloniality, sexuality, heterotopia
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223.More information
Could the collapse of a shiny development dream be a Sino-Congolese literary or artistic motif ? Starting from the incident of the landslide on an emblematic cornice of the capital city, nicknamed after the President « Corniche de Sassou » – a fallacious showcase of Congolese development largely financed by Chinese companies – which occurred on February 8, 2020, this article studies the literary and artistic representations which want to show the flip side of the Sino-Congolese « friendships » and investigate their depths and intricacies. By representing the lives of Congolese miners in pits run by Chinese companies or Chinese-led deforestation companies in the Congo, some artists attempt to overcome the reign of Sino-Congolese « abundant junk » by offering increased representations of materiality. Bearing witness to the same ecological concern, the images seem to question the dreams of modernity with which writer Sinzo Aanza and photographers Sammy Baloji and Lu Guang confront them.
Keywords: extractivisme, déforestation, écopoétique, Sinzo Aanza, Sammy Baloji, Lu Guang
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228.More information
This article presents a research trajectory that demonstrates the particular relevance of research and practice in the field of ecoformation facing the current global ecological crises. Three main avenues of exploration are presented in this article. The first is dialogue with Amerindian cultures. I will analyze how my experiences in Amerindian contexts in the United States and Quebec have transformed my relationship to the world and led me to develop an intercultural coformation approach. The second avenue is an action-research project to experiment transdisciplinarity and the epistemology of complexity in university practices. This experience has helped to introduce an ecological dimension in university programs by linking knowledge and life. The third avenue is that of reflection on new auto-eco-formation practices. Numerous practices are becoming ways of connecting with the living world: itinerant walking, tracking, forest schooling, open-air painting, and so on. These different approaches demonstrate the heuristic potential of the ecoformation concept to support the vital transformations taking place at personal, social and cultural levels.
Keywords: écoformation, cultures amérindiennes, recherche-action, transdisciplinarité, complexité, écologisation de la formation universitaire, ecoformation, amerindian cultures, action-research, transdisciplinarity, complexity, ecologization of university programs
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229.More information
Increasingly more women are travelling alone. The Zellidja travel scholarships are an ideal opportunity to analyze the reasons for this trend. They are open to all young people aged between sixteen and twenty, provided they travel alone for a minimum of one month and write a study report on a theme of their choice. The vast majority of applicants are women. A semi-structured interview survey reveals the strategies they use to anticipate risks and manage dangers. It shows that dispositions to travel alone are acquired through family practices to establish a practical tourist sense. The strategies of three groups with different social characteristics are described. Women from working class backgrounds and with a low holiday culture seek greater protection. Women from middle- and upper-class families are educated in an international goodwill that emphasizes plural tourism practices. They must mobilize different strategies to manage the dangers they encounter. Women from international families travel in familiar territory, which allows them to maintain a vigilant trust in the other.
Keywords: voyage, solitaire, jeune, femme, bourse, travel, solitary, young, woman, scholarships